Text CB1A2
Currently, the Digital Euro has not been launched — though there are signs that a launch may be coming sooner rather than later. By October 2025, the ECB (European Central Bank) has indicated a second phase of the preparation for the Digital Euro. By then, the ECB will have prepared an outreach plan, procurement standards, and technology providers.
The Digital Euro has potential downsides, many of them echoed in the other launches of central bank digital currencies. For example, the central bank will become a technology company focused on procurement with central points of failure. This was a breeding ground for corruption for the bureaucrat fortunate enough to make these technical choices in China.
While the Digital Euro is slated to “coexist” with cash, this also comes when EU (European Union) nations are voting on ending end-to-end encryption (a critical digital privacy tool) and have started to restrict cash with limits being placed on how much you can spend in cash to accelerate its slow demise.
User privacy is said to be the ECB’s “chief concern” as it has been designing the central bank’s digital currency. Certainly, the ECB is aware of public perception that has negative surveillance, control, and privacy implications in mind. The ECB has been at pains to say that the Digital Euro will “coexist” with cash and that unlike the e-CNY (China’s central bank digital coin) it will not be tied to a “social credit” score or place limits on how money is spent.
A big part of the ECB’s drive towards the Digital Euro is to compete and pry Europeans away from Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, and “stablecoins”.
Central bank digital currencies are a direct liability of the central bank. Since the central bank has the power to issue currency, this means that the central bank can essentially create “digital euros” if it wishes to. The architecture and data within a central bank digital currency are usually built completely by the central bank supported by private vendors of its choice. In China, the central bank has turned away from a distributed ledger technology to a centralized data store, in which the technical details are pretty scant. Hence, the central bank controls everything, and the system has no external access.
Internet: http://www.forbes.com/sites (adapted).
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Climate change can affect mental health. Now these Californians are doing something about it
by Shreya Agrawal
October 10, 2023
The facts of climate change can lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair. Some California activists are creating communities for people to talk about those feelings.
Maksim Batuyev's college studies on the climate crisis left him feeling depressed.
"I was questioning the sheer gravity of it all and how all of it is systemic. None of it has an easy solution, he said. "That really started to bring me into some dark places."
During his senior year at Michigan State University, in 2020, he started talking online to people from around the world about their emotions related to climate change, which ranged from feeling overwhelmed and scared about the future to grieving the parts of nature that have already been lost.
"They sounded just like me," he said. "And it sounded like too much for one person to take on."
He decided to do something about it. ln 2022, he and climate activist Cindy Pace started informal gatherings in Los Angeles to talk about climate emotions. These groups, commonly known as climate cafes, encourage various kinds of people to come together and talk about their climate feelings in moderated discussions.
Those meetups represent one of the small ways young Californians are beginning to address the global climate crisis as a mental health crisis. Popular organizations and nonprofits are offering community-based therapy solutions, such as climate cafes, urban gardens and other events where people can come together and talk. Some are turning to nature-based therapy, also known as ecotherapy, which involves spending time in nature to enable growth and healing.
But mental health advocates say the largely popular-driven efforts are not nearly enough to meet the needs of younger generations. Mental health advocates say they need more resources and funding to build stronger community-based systems and provide a good alternative to therapy, which can often be expensive and less accessible.
"lt's clear young people are focused on climate change and for good reason. A lot of past policies, actions, and inactions have created a situation that has folks very worried about the future, and I share that worry," said state Senator Ben Allen, the Redondo Beach Democrat who sponsored the 2021 budget item that funded the school program. "I hope that elected officials, industry leaders, and others in positions of power listen to what they're asking for and respond with the urgency it demands."
But the ultimate cure to eco-anxiety, Batuyev said, is "to solve the climate problem."
(Adapted from https://calmatters.org/health/mental-health/2023/10/climate-change-california-youth-mental-health/)
Climate change can affect mental health. Now these Californians are doing something about it
by Shreya Agrawal
October 10, 2023
The facts of climate change can lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair. Some California activists are creating communities for people to talk about those feelings.
Maksim Batuyev's college studies on the climate crisis left him feeling depressed.
"I was questioning the sheer gravity of it all and how all of it is systemic. None of it has an easy solution, he said. "That really started to bring me into some dark places."
During his senior year at Michigan State University, in 2020, he started talking online to people from around the world about their emotions related to climate change, which ranged from feeling overwhelmed and scared about the future to grieving the parts of nature that have already been lost.
"They sounded just like me," he said. "And it sounded like too much for one person to take on."
He decided to do something about it. ln 2022, he and climate activist Cindy Pace started informal gatherings in Los Angeles to talk about climate emotions. These groups, commonly known as climate cafes, encourage various kinds of people to come together and talk about their climate feelings in moderated discussions.
Those meetups represent one of the small ways young Californians are beginning to address the global climate crisis as a mental health crisis. Popular organizations and nonprofits are offering community-based therapy solutions, such as climate cafes, urban gardens and other events where people can come together and talk. Some are turning to nature-based therapy, also known as ecotherapy, which involves spending time in nature to enable growth and healing.
But mental health advocates say the largely popular-driven efforts are not nearly enough to meet the needs of younger generations. Mental health advocates say they need more resources and funding to build stronger community-based systems and provide a good alternative to therapy, which can often be expensive and less accessible.
"lt's clear young people are focused on climate change and for good reason. A lot of past policies, actions, and inactions have created a situation that has folks very worried about the future, and I share that worry," said state Senator Ben Allen, the Redondo Beach Democrat who sponsored the 2021 budget item that funded the school program. "I hope that elected officials, industry leaders, and others in positions of power listen to what they're asking for and respond with the urgency it demands."
But the ultimate cure to eco-anxiety, Batuyev said, is "to solve the climate problem."
(Adapted from https://calmatters.org/health/mental-health/2023/10/climate-change-california-youth-mental-health/)
Segundo o texto,
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Atenção: Para responder às questões de números 29 e 30, considere o texto a seguir.
lt's time for innovation to transform education
lt's no secret that the U.S. education system is facing numerous challenges. The standardized, one-size-fits-all approach focuses on memorization and rote learning styles, often failing to cater to the unique needs and talents of individual students. This lack of personalization can lead to disengagement and poor outcomes, leaving students feeling unmotivated and unprepared for life outside of school.
Innovation in education needs funding. But there's a catch: To receive funding, entrepreneurs usually need to show proof of concept - that their idea works.
That can be tricky for education entrepreneurs who want to think outside of the box. ln the United States, the trusted old models receive funding from legislators because they use old measures and assessments to decide "what works" in traditional models. But it's exactly those old models and measures that need to be transformed.
Academic achievement among American students continues to fal1 behind their global counterparts: According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, U.S. students rank 28 out of 37 across international countries in math proficiency and similarly low in reading and science.
The fact is, in the U.S., education, from 1st to 12th grade, has long been more about tradition than innovation. For generations, our schooling experience has experienced little change. Our school may look the same as our parents' schools and their schools looked the same as their parents' did. lt was more about listening to lectures, memorizing facts, and writing essays than it was about exploring the things that make you uniquely you.
What if education and imagination could be synonymous? That is the vision the VELA Education Fund wants to serve through their work providing backing for a variety of education models for U.S. school system students.
This nonprofit has flipped the script from handing large amounts of money to a select few individuals to offering millions of dollars in smal1 grants to thousands of everyday entrepreneurs. This model generates new approaches to education in founders' communities. These creatives share a self-starting spirit, a desire to meet the needs of the learners and families they serve, and a willingness to stretch the canvas on the "where, how, and when" of school.
VELA 's model is unique because it instills trust and encourages autonomy in these educators, believing that those closest to the problem should be designing its solutions. Unlike other grants, VELA doesn't require as much proof of concept ahead of investment, allowing for funding to drive the outcomes - not the other way around. By giving out smaller grants to a larger pool of applicants, it is able to fund a more diverse array of ideas, experiences, and types of education institutions. These smaller grants also allow recipients to take more risks and get more creative.
"We limit our potential when we limit the people who have access to opportunities, to drive social change," said Meredith Olson, president of VELA. "A few thousand dollars to the right person can fuel innovation to a scale we never expected was imaginable."
So far, VELA has given out more than $35 million in grants to nearly 2,500 recipients - including microschool founders, homeschool leaders, and many others - who are serving more than 5 million students nationwide. The organization's continued support sends a strong message to other education funders: Trust that families and educators know how to support their learners best, and empower them with opportunities to do so.
(Adapted from Why we need more innovation in education & VELA Education Fund Catalyzes lnnovation in Education)
lt's time for innovation to transform education
lt's no secret that the U.S. education system is facing numerous challenges. The standardized, one-size-fits-all approach focuses on memorization and rote learning styles, often failing to cater to the unique needs and talents of individual students. This lack of personalization can lead to disengagement and poor outcomes, leaving students feeling unmotivated and unprepared for life outside of school.
Innovation in education needs funding. But there's a catch: To receive funding, entrepreneurs usually need to show proof of concept - that their idea works.
That can be tricky for education entrepreneurs who want to think outside of the box. ln the United States, the trusted old models receive funding from legislators because they use old measures and assessments to decide "what works" in traditional models. But it's exactly those old models and measures that need to be transformed.
Academic achievement among American students continues to fal1 behind their global counterparts: According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, U.S. students rank 28 out of 37 across international countries in math proficiency and similarly low in reading and science.
The fact is, in the U.S., education, from 1st to 12th grade, has long been more about tradition than innovation. For generations, our schooling experience has experienced little change. Our school may look the same as our parents' schools and their schools looked the same as their parents' did. lt was more about listening to lectures, memorizing facts, and writing essays than it was about exploring the things that make you uniquely you.
What if education and imagination could be synonymous? That is the vision the VELA Education Fund wants to serve through their work providing backing for a variety of education models for U.S. school system students.
This nonprofit has flipped the script from handing large amounts of money to a select few individuals to offering millions of dollars in smal1 grants to thousands of everyday entrepreneurs. This model generates new approaches to education in founders' communities. These creatives share a self-starting spirit, a desire to meet the needs of the learners and families they serve, and a willingness to stretch the canvas on the "where, how, and when" of school.
VELA 's model is unique because it instills trust and encourages autonomy in these educators, believing that those closest to the problem should be designing its solutions. Unlike other grants, VELA doesn't require as much proof of concept ahead of investment, allowing for funding to drive the outcomes - not the other way around. By giving out smaller grants to a larger pool of applicants, it is able to fund a more diverse array of ideas, experiences, and types of education institutions. These smaller grants also allow recipients to take more risks and get more creative.
"We limit our potential when we limit the people who have access to opportunities, to drive social change," said Meredith Olson, president of VELA. "A few thousand dollars to the right person can fuel innovation to a scale we never expected was imaginable."
So far, VELA has given out more than $35 million in grants to nearly 2,500 recipients - including microschool founders, homeschool leaders, and many others - who are serving more than 5 million students nationwide. The organization's continued support sends a strong message to other education funders: Trust that families and educators know how to support their learners best, and empower them with opportunities to do so.
(Adapted from Why we need more innovation in education & VELA Education Fund Catalyzes lnnovation in Education)
Segundo o texto, o financiamento proporcionado pela VELA
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Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 24 a 27, considere o texto a seguir.
Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022
When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.
Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing
1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.
(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)
Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022
When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.
Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing
1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.
(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)
Segundo o texto,
Texto associado
Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 24 a 27, considere o texto a seguir.
Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022
When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.
Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing
1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.
(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)
Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022
When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.
Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing
1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.
(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)
De acordo com o texto,
Texto associado
Use Text VI to answer questions 33 and 34.
Text VI
TUDO SALA DE AULA. Portal educacional com recursos didáticos para professores da Educação Básica. Available at: https://www.tudosaladeaula.com. Accessed on: Mar. 21, 2025.
Text VI
TUDO SALA DE AULA. Portal educacional com recursos didáticos para professores da Educação Básica. Available at: https://www.tudosaladeaula.com. Accessed on: Mar. 21, 2025.
In the context of the comic strip, Text VI, it is possible to infer that the human:
Texto associado
Use Text V to answer questions 26 to 32.
Text V
Literacy as a Multidimensional Concept
An emphasis on the development of literacy as a fluid concept (Knobel and Lankshear, 2014) is one of the most recent advances in twenty-first-century education. To conceptualize literacy, the ability of the learner to make use of language takes precedence in typical Western educational systems. However, as Kern highlights, “literacy is more than a set of academic skills” (2000, 23). It varies depending on the social context and is embedded in cultural practice (Paesani et al. 2016).
Therefore, in order to define it, we must take into consideration the set of resources, sociocultural practices and competences––beyond reading and writing––that enable student interaction, critical thinking, the drawing of conclusions and the application of knowledge to curricular areas and real-world situations (New London Group 1996; Kern 2000; American Association of School Librarians (AASL) 2011; Cooper et al. 2012; Kucer 2014; Paesani et al. 2016; Reyes-Torres 2018; Warner and Dupuy 2018). As such, the multimodal training approach that we propose for the FL class stems from Kern’s notion of literacy, first, “as a process of creating and transforming knowledge” (2000, 29), and second, “as a matter of engaging in the ever-developing process of using reading and writing as tools for thinking and learning, in order to expand one’s understanding of oneself and the world” (40). This involves paying careful attention to language, while also developing a critical awareness of the relationships between texts, images, discourse conventions and sociocultural and digital contexts.
In sum, and in consonance with Kern and other scholars such as the NLG (1996), Steve Kucer (2014), Maria Brisk (2015), Paesani et al. (2016) and Shari Tishman (2018), we define literacy as a dynamic and multidimensional concept whose main aim is to provide twenty-first-century learners with the language skills, visual thinking strategies and dialogic attitudes that are necessary to develop the knowledge that allows them to grasp and evaluate information, organize ideas, exchange perspectives, construct meaning and reflect critically on a variety of sociocultural contexts. In order to foster such a multidimensional approach to literacy in EFL and implement it as an organizing principle (Kress 2010; Serafini 2014), it is necessary that teachers become acquainted with the three dimensions that both Kern (2000) and Kucer (2014) acknowledge as the key components: a) cognitive; b) conceptual; and c) sociocultural.
These dimensions constitute a field of forces that complement one another and are equally important in the process of both teaching and learning, and they also illustrate the multiple facets and fluid nature of literacy.
Adapted from: FERNÁNDEZ, Teresa; REYES-TORRES, Agustín; FERNÁNDEZ, Pilar. A multimodal approach to foster the multiliteracies pedagogy in the English as a Foreign Language context. ATLANTIS: Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 94–119, 2020. Available at: https://www.atlantisjournal.org/index.php/atlantis/article/view/741. Accessed on: Mar. 21, 2025.
Text V
Literacy as a Multidimensional Concept
An emphasis on the development of literacy as a fluid concept (Knobel and Lankshear, 2014) is one of the most recent advances in twenty-first-century education. To conceptualize literacy, the ability of the learner to make use of language takes precedence in typical Western educational systems. However, as Kern highlights, “literacy is more than a set of academic skills” (2000, 23). It varies depending on the social context and is embedded in cultural practice (Paesani et al. 2016).
Therefore, in order to define it, we must take into consideration the set of resources, sociocultural practices and competences––beyond reading and writing––that enable student interaction, critical thinking, the drawing of conclusions and the application of knowledge to curricular areas and real-world situations (New London Group 1996; Kern 2000; American Association of School Librarians (AASL) 2011; Cooper et al. 2012; Kucer 2014; Paesani et al. 2016; Reyes-Torres 2018; Warner and Dupuy 2018). As such, the multimodal training approach that we propose for the FL class stems from Kern’s notion of literacy, first, “as a process of creating and transforming knowledge” (2000, 29), and second, “as a matter of engaging in the ever-developing process of using reading and writing as tools for thinking and learning, in order to expand one’s understanding of oneself and the world” (40). This involves paying careful attention to language, while also developing a critical awareness of the relationships between texts, images, discourse conventions and sociocultural and digital contexts.
In sum, and in consonance with Kern and other scholars such as the NLG (1996), Steve Kucer (2014), Maria Brisk (2015), Paesani et al. (2016) and Shari Tishman (2018), we define literacy as a dynamic and multidimensional concept whose main aim is to provide twenty-first-century learners with the language skills, visual thinking strategies and dialogic attitudes that are necessary to develop the knowledge that allows them to grasp and evaluate information, organize ideas, exchange perspectives, construct meaning and reflect critically on a variety of sociocultural contexts. In order to foster such a multidimensional approach to literacy in EFL and implement it as an organizing principle (Kress 2010; Serafini 2014), it is necessary that teachers become acquainted with the three dimensions that both Kern (2000) and Kucer (2014) acknowledge as the key components: a) cognitive; b) conceptual; and c) sociocultural.
These dimensions constitute a field of forces that complement one another and are equally important in the process of both teaching and learning, and they also illustrate the multiple facets and fluid nature of literacy.
Adapted from: FERNÁNDEZ, Teresa; REYES-TORRES, Agustín; FERNÁNDEZ, Pilar. A multimodal approach to foster the multiliteracies pedagogy in the English as a Foreign Language context. ATLANTIS: Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 94–119, 2020. Available at: https://www.atlantisjournal.org/index.php/atlantis/article/view/741. Accessed on: Mar. 21, 2025.
In the Text V, the author refers to several scholars and organizations, such as Knobel and Lankshear (2014), Kern (2000), the New London Group (1996), and others. What is the author's main purpose in including these references throughout the text?
Read the text below about deepfakes:
Deepfakes are creating havoc across the globe, spreading fake news and pornography, being used to steal identities, exploiting celebrities, scamming ordinary people and even influencing elections.
Yet a recent worldwide survey found 71% of people have no idea what deepfakes are.
Deepfakes are digital photos, videos or voices of real people that have either been synthetically created or manipulated using artificial intelligence (AI) and can be hard to distinguish from the real thing.
You’ve probably seen a deepfake video or photo without even realising it. Computer-generated Tom Cruises, Taylor Swifts and Mark Zuckerbergs have been circulating on the internet for several years, but what started as a bit of harmless fun has now become much more serious.
Earlier this year, a finance worker at a multinational firm in Hong Kong was tricked into paying AUD$39 million to fraudsters who used deepfake technology to impersonate the company’s chief financial officer in a video conference.
(…)
Australia’s Defence Chief Angus Campbell has expressed fears that the world is entering “an era of truth decay,” where misinformation will undermine democracy by sowing discord and distrust.
Campbell told a defence conference in 2023 that artificial intelligence and deepfakes would “seriously damage public confidence in elected officials” by making it impossible for most people to distinguish fact from fiction.
Source: https://unisa.edu.au/connect/enterprisemagazine/articles/2024/what-are-deepfakes-and-should-we-beworried/
Choose the correct alternative based on the text.
Read the excerpt below, in which Gloria Anzaldúa describes her experience as a child with Mexican descent in the United States of America:
I remember being caught speaking Spanish at recess – that was good for three licks on the knuckles with a sharp ruler. I remember being sent to the comer of the classroom for “talking back” to the Anglo teacher when all I was trying to do was tell her how to pronounce my name. “If you want to be American, speak ‘American.’ If you don’t like it, go back to Mexico where you belong.”
(…)
At Pan American University, I and all Chicano students were required to take two speech classes. Their purpose: to get rid of our accents.
Attacks on one’s form of expression with the intent to censor are a violation of the First Amendment.
(…)
Wild tongues can’t be tamed, they can only be cut out.
Reference: Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1999.
In this passage, Anzaldúa
Texto associado
Use the following text to answer questions 16 to 21.
The case for foreign languages as an aspiring lawyer
If you want to work in the competitive legal profession, having foreign language skills can help to set you apart.
The relative lack of foreign language skills among the UK population is well-documented. A recent Guardian survey revealed that 39% of young native English speakers were put off learning a foreign language because “most people speak English”, and 14% by the idea that “most other languages are not useful”. But for students hoping to enter the legal profession – which is increasingly global in outlook – being able to speak a foreign language is useful, and ever more desirable to employers. In other words, students who speak more than one language are increasingly valued by employers. The globalisation of legal practice means that many international law firms will not hire lawyers without language skills, said Patricio Grané Labat, partner of public international law firm Volterra Fietta. “In our profession, language skills are critical because, as international lawyers, we apply our trade with words. It is certainly something I look for when I recruit. If a candidate is not fluent in other languages, I generally will not consider them – if I do, it’s usually for a discrete assignment,” he said.
Dr. Martina Künnecke, lecturer at the University of Hull, added: “Students need a global mindset, and language skills are a part of that. It’s absolutely crucial considering the competition in the jobs market today.” She encourages students to learn a new language in their spare time and to take up opportunities to study law abroad.
Knowing at least one foreign language can also enable you to broaden the scope of your work, said Gabriel Helou, legal officer at the Norwegian Refugee Council and former project manager in the rule of law and justice sector at the EU delegation in Jerusalem.
“It enables legal professionals to explore foreign legal systems or experiences through a comparative approach. Referring to the original sources of information can sometimes be more reliable and comprehensible,” said Gabriel Helou. According to him, foreign language skills give lawyers a global mindset which is increasingly useful and desired by employers – so it might be worth dusting off those old textbooks.
Adapted from: SUTCLIFFE, Matthew. The case for foreign languages as an aspiring lawyer. The Guardian, London, Aug. 19, 2014. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/aug/19/foreign-language-skills-law-career. Accessed on: Apr. 27, 2025.
The case for foreign languages as an aspiring lawyer
If you want to work in the competitive legal profession, having foreign language skills can help to set you apart.
The relative lack of foreign language skills among the UK population is well-documented. A recent Guardian survey revealed that 39% of young native English speakers were put off learning a foreign language because “most people speak English”, and 14% by the idea that “most other languages are not useful”. But for students hoping to enter the legal profession – which is increasingly global in outlook – being able to speak a foreign language is useful, and ever more desirable to employers. In other words, students who speak more than one language are increasingly valued by employers. The globalisation of legal practice means that many international law firms will not hire lawyers without language skills, said Patricio Grané Labat, partner of public international law firm Volterra Fietta. “In our profession, language skills are critical because, as international lawyers, we apply our trade with words. It is certainly something I look for when I recruit. If a candidate is not fluent in other languages, I generally will not consider them – if I do, it’s usually for a discrete assignment,” he said.
Dr. Martina Künnecke, lecturer at the University of Hull, added: “Students need a global mindset, and language skills are a part of that. It’s absolutely crucial considering the competition in the jobs market today.” She encourages students to learn a new language in their spare time and to take up opportunities to study law abroad.
Knowing at least one foreign language can also enable you to broaden the scope of your work, said Gabriel Helou, legal officer at the Norwegian Refugee Council and former project manager in the rule of law and justice sector at the EU delegation in Jerusalem.
“It enables legal professionals to explore foreign legal systems or experiences through a comparative approach. Referring to the original sources of information can sometimes be more reliable and comprehensible,” said Gabriel Helou. According to him, foreign language skills give lawyers a global mindset which is increasingly useful and desired by employers – so it might be worth dusting off those old textbooks.
Adapted from: SUTCLIFFE, Matthew. The case for foreign languages as an aspiring lawyer. The Guardian, London, Aug. 19, 2014. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/aug/19/foreign-language-skills-law-career. Accessed on: Apr. 27, 2025.
