Questões para Concursos

How rich countries cause deforestation in poor ones

Forests are crucial to the functioning of the Earth. They provide homes for plants and animals, absorb rainfall, produce oxygen and suck up carbon dioxide, helping to keep global temperatures in check. Environmentalists are increasingly worried about their loss. Ten thousand years ago, more than half of the world’s habitable land was covered in trees; since then one third have been cut down to make way for agriculture and an ever-growing number of humans. Efforts to reverse this trend, including tree-planting programmes in America, Europe, China and India, among other places, have helped replenish some of what is left of the world’s forests.
But such gains do not tell the whole story. For all their tree-planting efforts at home, rich countries continue to contribute, through their consumption, to the levelling of vast tracts of forests in poor countries. A study, published on March 29 th in Nature Ecology & Evolution , reveals the extent and location of the world’s “deforestation footprint”. Keiichiro Kanemoto and Nguyen Tien Hoang, of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature in Japan, combined data on global forest loss with that on international trade between 2001 and 2015. They calculated that rich-country demand for goods led overwhelmingly to deforestation outside their own borders, and mostly in tropical countries. In G7 countries, for example, the area covered by forests increased every year between 2001 and 2015. But after adjusting for trade, the authors found that these countries contributed to a net loss of 20,000 square kilometers of forest in the rest of the world in 2015 alone.
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As American federal authorities and cybersecurity experts rush to identify the full scope of the SolarWinds compromise, the list of known targets grows. The fallout from the cyberattack on the Texas-based software company appears to be vast, with a slew of powerful U.S. government agencies and businesses seemingly being infected by hackers who are believed to be affiliated with Russia.
SolarWinds says it has identified 18,000 customers potentially affected by the incident, which saw the culprits hijack software updates for a widely-used IT monitoring tool called "Orion" to spread malware, seemingly with the intention of espionage. The consequences of the brazen cyber-assault, which was first discovered by security firm FireEye after it too was infiltrated by the same group, are yet to be understood. But experts fear the hackers' access could be exploited to steal sensitive information or destroy and falsify government data, and warn it could take years to fix.
While the full list of victims is unclear — and expanding almost daily — Microsoft said its teams had identified more than 40 of its customers the attackers had aimed at "more precisely and compromised through additional and sophisticated measures."
It now seems likely the scope of the victims could be broad. Microsoft said the initial list included security, technology and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) alongside the government targets. It said 80 percent of attacks that it logged were U.S. based. "This is not 'espionage as usual,' even in the digital age. Instead, it represents an act of recklessness that created a serious technological vulnerability for the United States and the world," Brad Smith, president of the U.S. tech giant, wrote on Thursday.
"The attack unfortunately represents a broad and successful espionage-based assault on both the confidential information of the U.S. government and the tech tools used by firms to protect them. The attack is ongoing," the executive continued. Analysis is ongoing to determine which companies were impacted by the hack, as just because an entity used Orion is not evidence that it was actively compromised.
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Researchers can turn a single photo into a video

Sometimes photos cannot truly capture a scene. How much more epic would that vacation photo of Niagara Falls be if the water were moving? Researchers at the University of Washington have developed a deep learning method that can do just that: if given a single photo of a waterfall, the system creates a video showing that water cascading down. All that’s missing is the roar of the water and the feeling of the spray on your face.
This method can animate any flowing material, including smoke and clouds. This technique produces a short video that loops seamlessly, giving the impression of endless movement.
An expert says that a picture captures a moment frozen in time, but a lot of information is lost in a static image. That makes people wonder what led to that moment, and how things are changing. If people think about the last time that they found themselves fixated on something really interesting, chances are, it was’t totally static.
What is special about that method is that it doesn’t require any user input or extra information. All that is needed is a picture. And it produces as output a high-resolution, seamlessly looping video that quite often looks like a real video. Developing a method that turns a single photo into a believable video has been a challenge for the field.
The system consists of two parts: first, it predicts how things were moving when the photo was taken, and then uses that information to create the animation. Then the system uses that information to determine if and how each pixel should move. Finally, the researchers want their animation to loop seamlessly to create a look of continuous movement. The animation network follows a few tricks to keep things clean, including transitioning different parts of the frame at different times and deciding how quickly or slowly to blend each pixel depending on its surroundings.
This method works best for objects with predictable fluid motion, like water, fire or smoke. These types of motions obey the same set of physical laws, and there are usually cues in the image that tell us how things should be moving. Currently, the technology struggles to predict how reflections should move or how water distorts the appearance of objects beneath it. In the future, the researchers would like to extend their work to operate on a wider range of objects, like animating a person’s hair blowing in the wind.
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Based on the comic strip presented above, judge the following items.

The body of officers representing the civil authority of government is known as police. Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing. Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. However, police scholars have criticized this popular understanding of the word “police” — that it refers to members of a public organization having the legal competence to maintain order and enforce the law — for two reasons. First, it defines police by their ends rather than by the specific means that they use to achieve their goals. Second, the variety of situations in which police are asked to intervene is much greater than law enforcement and order maintenance.
There is now a consensus among researchers that the common feature among all the different agencies engaged in policing is the legal competence to enforce coercive, nonnegotiable measures to resolve problematic situations. Such situations are characterized by their potential for harm and the need to solve them urgently before they develop that potential. Hence, the actual use of coercion or the threat of using it allows police to put a quick, nonnegotiated, and conclusive end to problematic situations.

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Teachers sometimes assume that more outgoing learners will be able to learn pronunciation better than shyer students, and there may be some truth to this. Confident students might speak more and be more willing to try new sounds, and this extra practice could help them improve their pronunciation. However, this improvement is certainly not guaranteed. Some outgoing students may be producing a lot of language, but they may also be jumping ahead without paying attention to the accuracy of their pronunciation. If listeners are impressed by their fluency and accept their imperfect pronunciation, they have no way to know that they need to improve.
Some more introverted students might actually be thinking carefully about sounds and practicing “within themselves,” even if they don’t speak much in class. Don’t underestimate the quiet students. Appreciate the strengths and possibilities of all your students and encourage everyone. All students can learn and improve in their own way.
Another aspect of personality that can affect pronunciation is the degree to which a person is willing or able to change the way they sound. Most of us have been speaking and listening to language in the same, familiar way since we learned to talk. Our voice and our pronunciation are a central part of the way we see ourselves. It can be uncomfortable, and possibly even frightening, to try out unfamiliar sounds and melodies of language. For some people this process seems like a small bump on the road, but for others, it’s a serious roadblock.

M.T. Yoshida. Beyond Repeat After Me : Teaching Pronunciation to
English Learners. Alexandria: TESOL Press, 2016 (adapted).

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In a nutshell, police officers maintain law and order, protect the general public, investigate crimes and prevent criminal activity from happening.
If you become a police officer, your career will be all about crime prevention, prosecution and punishment. Policing is such a varied career path that you could find yourself doing all kinds of activities.
You might be responsible for preventing heinous crimes and stopping dangerous criminal groups, such as organised crime syndicates. Alternatively, you might be working to diminish anti-social behaviour, or you might be taking part in counter-terrorism activities.
Moreover, you might be responsible for investigating crimes against people and their property, or maintaining public peace and order at large events, public gatherings and protests.
At all times, police officers must make sure their actions comply with current legislation. Consequently, police officers must keep up to date with the latest developments in crime detection and prevention.

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General observation suggests that it is those who start to learn English after their school years who are most likely to have serious difficulties in acquiring intelligible pronunciation, with the degree of difficulty increasing markedly with age. This difficulty has nothing to do with intelligence or level of education, or even with knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary.
Of course, there is no simple answer to why pronunciation is so difficult to learn — indeed, there is a whole range of theoretical perspectives on the question. What is generally accepted among psycholinguists and phonologists who specialized in this area is that the difficulty in learning to pronounce a foreign language is cognitive rather than physical, and that it has something to do with the way “raw sound” is categorized or conceptualized in using speech.
Many learners of English as a second language have major difficulties with English pronunciation even after years of learning the language. This often results in them facing difficulties in areas such as finding employment. Up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, not vocabulary or grammar.
A. Gilakjani and M. Ahmadi. Why is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn? In : English Language
Teaching , Vol. 4, No. 3. Richmond Hill: Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2011 (adapted).
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Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 41 e 42, baseie-se no texto abaixo.

Impact of Point-of-Care Technologies on Healthcare
by Impelsys Admin | Apr 25, 2019

Point-of-Care Technologies is a set of technologies used at the location of patient care helping improve healthcare outcomes. Blood glucose monitors, urine dipsticks, pregnancy tests, rapid strep tests, rapid HIV tests, hemoglobin level tests are common examples of PoCT. In the past few years PoCT have advanced and the field is showing strong growth, as evidenced by new clinical or consumer products research and development directions. The widespread use of this set of technologies is driven by healthcare emphasis shifting towards greater healthcare awareness, precision treatment, optimization of patient management process, and chronic disease management − combined with advances in electronic devices and information technology.
Point-of-care technologies add to the effectiveness and efficiency in healthcare delivery. PoC devices provide critical information to clinicians assisting in the management of patient care. Point-of-care technology enables diagnosis at home, in the hospital, in an ambulance, or in the field; it effectively delivers high quality of life care at the patient’s bedside, or in the corner of a consulting room, doing away with procedures that require an entire laboratory and long hours to arrive at a proper diagnosis.
Point-of-Care procedures involve faster and leaner processes as testing is done on bedside and fewer steps are necessary to produce the result.
These are some of the advantages of PoCT:
− They eliminate the need for processing and aliquoting, transporting the specimen to the laboratory, and communicating
results back to the clinical staff.
− Faster access to test results allows for rapid clinical decision making, enabling more appropriate treatments and
interventions.
− They require smaller sample volumes than those needed for traditional laboratory testing.
− They can also help reduce the frequency of testing errors like inappropriate sampling errors, errors during preparation or
packaging of samples, and patient misidentification.
− The fact that PoCT is often performed by the individual providing care to the patient may help decrease post analyticalerrors due to incorrect transmission of test results.

(Adapted from: www.impelsys.com )

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 39 e 40, considere o texto abaixo.

Social Security serves as one of the leading federal agencies in health IT.

We request close to 15 million medical records from almost 500,000 health providers to make decisions on about three million disability claims annually. This makes us one of the largest disability programs in the world. Since 2008, Social Security is leading an initiative to enable the electronic exchange of health information to improve the disability determination process.
The goal of health IT is to reduce the burden on health care providers and offer applicants faster and more consistent disability decisions. Our team has experience in electronic health records exchange. We actively attend leading conferences and knowledge exchange events on health IT. In addition, we continually evaluate our processes to adapt to changes in the field.
eHealth Exchange
The eHealth Exchange is a group of federal agencies and non-federal organizations that came together under a common mission and purpose to improve patient care, streamline disability benefit claims, and improve public health reporting through secure, trusted, and interoperable health information exchange.
(Adapted from https://www.ssa.gov )