Questões para Concursos

Text 22A1-I

1 Philosophers of education are interested in analyzing
and clarifying concepts and questions central to education:
What should be the aims or purposes of education? Who
4 should be educated? Should education differ according to
natural interests and abilities? What role should the state play
in education? All of these questions are still asked today. In
7 fact, every society must answer them, not once and for all time
but as well and conscientiously as it can for the benefit of its
people and the future of the Earth. In every age, the questions
10 have elicited better and worse responses, and thoughtful people
continue to examine the old responses in order to generate new
ones induced by changing conditions.
13 The philosopher Plato, for instance, believed that
students should be educated according to their capacities —
they should not all have exactly the same education. In this
16 century, the great American philosopher John Dewey spoke
with some admiration of Plato’s astute observation that
education should be tailored to the child. However, he faulted
19 Plato for supposing that human beings necessarily fall into
exactly three categories. Dewey wanted education to be fitted
to each individual child. Further, Dewey rejected hierarchical
22 categories of educational programs. Unlike Plato, he would not
label one category better or higher than another.
Nel Noddings. Philosophy of education. New York: Routledge, 2018 (adapted).

Text 22A1-II

Do not rely on facial expressions for how people are feeling
A smile does not always mean someone is happy

1 Aristotle reckoned the face was a window onto a
person’s mind. Two millennia on, facial expressions are still
commonly thought to be a universally valid way to gauge other
4 people’s feelings, irrespective of age, sex and culture. A raised
eyebrow suggests confusion. A smile denotes happiness. A
frown indicates sadness.
7 Or do they? An analysis of hundreds of research
papers that examined the relationship between facial
expressions and underlying emotions has uncovered a
10 surprising conclusion: there is no good scientific evidence to
suggest that there are such things as recognisable facial
expressions for basic emotions which are universal across
13 cultures. Just because a person is not smiling, the researchers
found, does not mean that person is unhappy.
Dr Feldman Barrett, a psychologist at Northeastern
16 University in Boston, Massachusetts, along with her colleagues
found that, on average, adults in urban cultures scowled when
they were angry 30% of the time. Which meant that some 70%
19 of the time they did not scowl when angry. Instead, they did
something else with their faces. People also scowled when they
were not angry. “They scowl when they’re concentrating, they
22 scowl when someone tells them a bad joke, they scowl when
they don't feel well, and so on,” says Dr Feldman Barrett.
A scowl, the researchers concluded, is certainly one
25 expression of anger. But it is not the only way people express
that emotion. The ambiguous nature of facial expressions was
not restricted to anger, but seemed valid for all six of the
28 emotional categories that they examined: anger, disgust, fear,
happiness, sadness and surprise.
The economist. science & technology. Feb 20th 2020 edition. Internet: (adapted).

With the exception of business owners and investors, most Brazilians looked for candidates who prioritized job creation and income generation, in the 2018 elections. According to a Brazilian Economic Outlook from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the economy sustained growth (albeit slow) for a while since the end of 2017, industrial production increased, and unemployment rates declined. Nevertheless, 13.4 million people remained jobless, particularly women, youth, and people of color; and growth rates were disappointing. A poll by Datafolha showed at the time that Brazilians’ perceptions of the economy were pessimistic: 72 percent of those surveyed felt the economic scenario had worsened in the last months. Similar to the reaction to corruption, this extremely negative perception of the socioeconomic environment could potentially further distance voters from the traditional government and their allies, turning voters toward “unconventional” candidates instead, who could represent a change in the status quo.

Idem. Ibidem (adapted).

Concerning the text presented above, judge the following items.

Considering the text above, judge the following items.

With the exception of business owners and investors, most Brazilians looked for candidates who prioritized job creation and income generation, in the 2018 elections. According to a Brazilian Economic Outlook from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the economy sustained growth (albeit slow) for a while since the end of 2017, industrial production increased, and unemployment rates declined. Nevertheless, 13.4 million people remained jobless, particularly women, youth, and people of color; and growth rates were disappointing. A poll by Datafolha showed at the time that Brazilians’ perceptions of the economy were pessimistic: 72 percent of those surveyed felt the economic scenario had worsened in the last months. Similar to the reaction to corruption, this extremely negative perception of the socioeconomic environment could potentially further distance voters from the traditional government and their allies, turning voters toward “unconventional” candidates instead, who could represent a change in the status quo.

Idem. Ibidem (adapted).

Concerning the text presented above, judge the following items.

With the exception of business owners and investors, most Brazilians looked for candidates who prioritized job creation and income generation, in the 2018 elections. According to a Brazilian Economic Outlook from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the economy sustained growth (albeit slow) for a while since the end of 2017, industrial production increased, and unemployment rates declined. Nevertheless, 13.4 million people remained jobless, particularly women, youth, and people of color; and growth rates were disappointing. A poll by Datafolha showed at the time that Brazilians’ perceptions of the economy were pessimistic: 72 percent of those surveyed felt the economic scenario had worsened in the last months. Similar to the reaction to corruption, this extremely negative perception of the socioeconomic environment could potentially further distance voters from the traditional government and their allies, turning voters toward “unconventional” candidates instead, who could represent a change in the status quo.

Idem. Ibidem (adapted).

Concerning the text presented above, judge the following items.

Despite being the eighth largest economy in the world and the largest in Latin America, Brazil is still relatively closed compared to other large economies. Brazil is an outlier in that its trade penetration is extremely low, with trade at 24.1 percent of GDP in 2017. The number of exporters relative to the population is also very small: its absolute number of exporters is roughly the same as that of Norway, a country with approximately 5 million people compared to Brazil’s 200 million. While further integrating into the global economy could threaten uncompetitive companies and their workers, competitive businesses would most likely benefit. Brazil’s insertion would also allow the country to better leverage its competitive advantages, such as in natural resource-based industries.

Idem. Ibidem (adapted).

Judge the following items, based on the text above.

Read the following
article
and answer questions 56 to 60.

Dr. Dweck’s
research into
growth mindset

changed education
forever

Over 30 years ago,
Carol Dweck and her colleagues became
interested in students' attitudes about
failure. They noticed that some students
rebounded while other students seemed
devastated by even the smallest setbacks.
After studying the behavior of thousands of
children, Dr. Dweck coined the terms fixed
mindset and growth mindset to describe the
underlying beliefs people have about
learning and intelligence. When students
believe they can get smarter, they
understand that effort makes them stronger.
Therefore they put in extra time and effort,
and that leads to higher achievement.

Recent
advances in neuroscience have shown us that
the brain is far more malleable than we ever
knew. Research on brain plasticity has shown
how connectivity between neurons can change
with experience. With practice, neural
networks grow new connections, strengthen
existing ones, and build insulation that
speeds transmission of impulses. These
neuroscientific discoveries have shown us
that we can increase our neural growth by
the actions we take, such as using good
strategies, asking questions, practicing,
and following good nutrition and sleep
habits.

[…]
So the
researchers asked, “Can we change
mindsets? And if so, how?” This began a
series of interventions and studies that
prove we can indeed change a person’s
mindset from fixed to growth, and when we
do, it leads to increased motivation and
achievement. For example, 7th graders who
were taught that intelligence is malleable
and shown how the brain grows with effort
showed a clear increase in math
grades.
In
addition to teaching kids about malleable
intelligence, researchers started noticing
that teacher practice has a big impact on
student mindset, and the feedback that
teachers give their students can either
encourage a child to choose a challenge and
increase achievement or look for an easy way
out. For example, studies on different kinds
of praise have shown that telling children
they are smart encourages a fixed mindset,
whereas praising hard work and effort
cultivates a growth mindset. When students
have a growth mindset, they take on
challenges and learn from them, therefore
increasing their abilities and achievement.
[…]

Source:
https://www.mindsetworks.com/science/.Access
:02/12/2019)

Read the following
article
and answer questions 49 to 55.

Can Allergies Cause
Coughing — Or Is It Just
A Cold?
Important q: Is it phlegmy
or dry?
BY
CASSIE SHORTSLEEVE

No matter why it's
happening, a cough is always annoying
—it's
loud, it's uncomfortable, and it never fails
to garner unwanted
attention.
But
what's
really behind that cough? Can allergies
cause coughing — or do you just have an
annoying cold?
Well, turns out, there are
some pretty distinct differences between
allergy coughs and cold coughs...

Just
curious: Why do we cough, anyway?

"The
purpose of a cough is to help us," says
Monica Lee, MD, an otolaryngologist at
Massachusetts Eye and Ear. It’s your body’s
way of trying to expel something it
perceives as a threat in the airway, she
says.
Those
perceived threats can be a bunch
of different things: a piece of food stuck
in your throat, pollen, air pollution, or
swelling or drainage from extra mucus in
your throat. All those things irritate the
sensory fibers in your airway, which then
stimulate a cough.
As for what exactly
happens in your body during a cough? It's
kind of complex, says Dr. Lee. Basically,
your vocal chords close briefly
to generate
pressure in the lungs. Once enough pressure
is built up, your vocal chords open back up,
and air flows quickly through your voice
box, which generates that coughing sound.
Kinda cool, huh?
7So...can allergies cause
coughing? Give it to me straight.

In short,
yes. Usually, allergies create dry coughs
(it’s a direct reaction to something you’re
sensitive or allergic to in the airways). If
that's the case, you’ll likely have other
symptoms (think: itchy , watery
eyes; a runny
nose; an itchy throat; and sneezing, says
Dr. Lee). Headaches and wheezing
often come
with allergies, too, according to the
American College of Allergy, Asthma, and
Immunology.

Remind Me: When Is
Allergy
Season?
Timing's also a factor. If
you're
allergic to pollen (or your BFF's new
adorable kitten), for example, you’ll likely
notice symptoms (including your cough)
almost immediately, or within an hour of
being exposed. And those symptoms could last
for hours after you've been exposed — even
after the allergen isn't nearby anymore.

Coughs related to
allergies are also
dependent on patterns, so doctors always try
to look at the big picture. Say you get a
cough every single March. That could be a
sign you're actually suffering from
allergies, instead of the common cold. "You
need to look at everything that's going on,"
says Paul Bryson, MD, an otolaryngologist at
the Cleveland Clinic.
Your best defense for
a cough from allergies? Antihistamines like
Allegra, Claritin, and Zyrtec, which are all
available over-the-counter. Other options
include steroid nasal sprays and
immunotherapy shots, which can work to
regulate your body's response to allergens,
instead of just relieving the
symptoms.
How
do I know my cough is from a cold?

You know
how allergy coughs are typically on the
drier side? Coughs from colds (or the flu)
tend to be on the wetter side (that
"wetness" is actually mucus your body which
is trying to move out of your body, says Dr.
Lee).
Coughs
that come along with a cold
usually come along with stuffiness, along
with postnasal drip (a.k.a., mucus running
down the back of your throat), which can
cause a sore throat or chest discomfort. A
low-grade fever may also signal a cold
instead of allergies.
Colds aren't as
immediate as allergies. Instead, they tend
to develop over the course of a few days,
says Dr. Bryson.
You can try a few different
things to help relieve a cough.
Decongestants can work for, well,
congestion. And ingredients like
dextromethorphan (found in many multi-
symptom products like Vicks NyQuil Cold
&
Flu Nighttime Relief) can help ease the
coughing itself. Just make sure you take any
products as-directed.
It should be said,
however, that a dry cough isn't
always
allergies, just like a wet cough isn't
always a cold. Allergies can plague
your
nose, for example, causing post-nasal drip
(a wet cough), while mild colds might not
leave you stuffed up enough to produce any
phlegm.

Do I ever need to
worry about a
cough?
Something important to
remember: A
cough — no matter its cause — shouldn’t be
your norm.
Colds
usually run their course
within a couple of weeks, which means a
cough associated with a cold should go away
in about three weeks time (though some can
linger on for as long as eight weeks),
according to the U.S. National Library of
Medicine. The length of an allergy-related
cough will vary depending on how (if) you're
treating it.
But
if you notice you’re still
barking after two months of symptoms, see
your doc. You could either be dealing with
an allergy you’re not aware of (this is
where an allergy test could come into play)
or potentially suffering from another issue
such as asthma (especially if you notice
shortness of breath with any of your
symptoms), reflux, pneumonia, or bronchitis,
says Dr. Bryson.
And if something (allergies
or a pesky cold) is bothering you enough to
disrupt your life, don't put off getting it
checked out. If nothing else, seeing a doc
will give you peace of mind and maybe even
speed up your recovery time.

SOURCE:https://www.womenshea
lthmag.com/health/a26289646/coughing-from-
allergies-or-
cold/. Access: 02/12/2019.

Read the following
article
and answer questions 56 to 60.

Dr. Dweck’s
research into
growth mindset

changed education
forever

Over 30 years ago,
Carol Dweck and her colleagues became
interested in students' attitudes about
failure. They noticed that some students
rebounded while other students seemed
devastated by even the smallest setbacks.
After studying the behavior of thousands of
children, Dr. Dweck coined the terms fixed
mindset and growth mindset to describe the
underlying beliefs people have about
learning and intelligence. When students
believe they can get smarter, they
understand that effort makes them stronger.
Therefore they put in extra time and effort,
and that leads to higher achievement.

Recent
advances in neuroscience have shown us that
the brain is far more malleable than we ever
knew. Research on brain plasticity has shown
how connectivity between neurons can change
with experience. With practice, neural
networks grow new connections, strengthen
existing ones, and build insulation that
speeds transmission of impulses. These
neuroscientific discoveries have shown us
that we can increase our neural growth by
the actions we take, such as using good
strategies, asking questions, practicing,
and following good nutrition and sleep
habits.

[…]
So the
researchers asked, “Can we change
mindsets? And if so, how?” This began a
series of interventions and studies that
prove we can indeed change a person’s
mindset from fixed to growth, and when we
do, it leads to increased motivation and
achievement. For example, 7th graders who
were taught that intelligence is malleable
and shown how the brain grows with effort
showed a clear increase in math
grades.
In
addition to teaching kids about malleable
intelligence, researchers started noticing
that teacher practice has a big impact on
student mindset, and the feedback that
teachers give their students can either
encourage a child to choose a challenge and
increase achievement or look for an easy way
out. For example, studies on different kinds
of praise have shown that telling children
they are smart encourages a fixed mindset,
whereas praising hard work and effort
cultivates a growth mindset. When students
have a growth mindset, they take on
challenges and learn from them, therefore
increasing their abilities and achievement.
[…]

Source:
https://www.mindsetworks.com/science/.Access
:02/12/2019)