Questões para Concursos

Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.

Johann Ole Willers, Lars Gjesvik. Cybersecurity as an issue of international affairs. In: Diplomacy in the age of expertise: the case of cyber diplomacy. International Affairs, Oxford University Press, fev./2026. Internet: (adapted).

Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.

As prominent artificial intelligence (AI) researchers eye limits to the current phase of the technology, a different approach is gaining attention: using living human brain cells as computational hardware. These "biocomputers" are still in their early days. They can play simple games such as Pong, and perform basic speech recognition.
But the excitement is fueled by three converging trends. First, venture capital is flowing into anything adjacent to AI, making speculative ideas suddenly fundable. Second, techniques for growing brain tissue outside the body have matured, with the pharmaceutical industry jumping on board. Third, rapid advances in brain‒computer interfaces have seen growing acceptance of technologies that blur the line between biology and machines.
Nevertheless, plenty of questions remain. Are we witnessing genuine breakthroughs, or another round of tech-driven hype? And what ethical questions arise when human brain tissue becomes a computational component? For almost 50 years, neuroscientists have grown neurons on arrays of tiny electrodes to study how they fire under controlled conditions.
By the early 2000s, researchers attempted rudimentary two-way communication between neurons and electrodes, planting the first seeds of a bio-hybrid computer. But progress stalled until another strand of research took off: brain organoids.
In 2013, scientists demonstrated that stem cells could self-organise into three-dimensional brain-like structures. These organoids spread rapidly through biomedical research, increasingly aided by “organ-on-a-chip” devices designed to mimic aspects of human physiology outside the body.
Today, using stem-cell-derived neural tissue is commonplace ⸺ from drug testing to developmental research. Yet the neural activity in these models remains primitive, far from the organised firing patterns that underpin cognition or consciousness in a real brain. While complex network behaviour is beginning to emerge even without much external stimulation, experts generally agree that current organoids are not conscious, nor close to it.

Internet: (adapted).

About the previous text, judge the following items.

The changes to Earth’s natural patterns reveal an interconnected web of ecological systems that are undergoing profound changes beyond what many researchers have predicted. Scientists say the culprit is clear: Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the relentless burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas has been adding heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere, leading to a sharp rise in global temperatures. The hottest year in recorded history was 2024, and each of the 10 warmest years on record have come in the past decade.
Since 1997, when nations agreed to limit planet-warming gases as part of the landmark Kyoto Protocol, humanity has released more greenhouse gases than in all prior history. The temperature rise associated with the growing volume of heattrapping gas has kicked in, and it is continuing to rise. And at the same time, the ability of the planet’s natural systems to absorb planet-warming gases like carbon dioxide appears to be diminishing.

David Gelles. One thing’s for sure, the weather is getting wilder. The New York Times International Edition, Nova York, 21-22 mar. 2026, p. 2 (adapted).

Considering the preceding text, judge the following items.

The claim to reason or rationality is the ultimate validation of the affirmation and assertion of the human condition. Aristotle’s definition of man as "a rational animal" was not spoken of the African and the Amerindian. Little did he realise that his definition of "man" laid down the foundation for the struggle for reason between colonialists and colonized peoples.
Aristotle’s definition of man was deeply inscribed in the social ethos of those communities and societies which undertook the so-called voyages of discovery apparently driven by innocent curiosity. It seems then that the entire process of decolonisation has upheld and not jettisoned the questionable belief that "man is a rational animal" was not spoken of the African and of the Amerindian.
The term African philosophy renders the idea that history repeats itself easy to believe. The term tends to revive innate skepticism on the one hand and to stimulate ingrained condescension on the other. The skeptic, unswervingly committed to the will to remain ignorant, is simply dismissive of any possibility let alone the probability of African philosophy. Impelled by the will to dominate, the condescendor is often ready to entertain the probability of African philosophy provided the judgement pertaining to the experience, knowledge and truth about African philosophy is recognised as the sole and exclusive right of the condescendor. The self-appointed heirs to the right to reason have thus established themselves as the producers of all knowledge and the only holders of the truth.

Mogobe B. Ramose. African philosophy through Ubuntu. Harare, Zimbabwe: Mond Books Publishers, 2005, pp. 5-6 (adapted).

Considering the preceding text, judge the following items.

Culture is ordinary. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. The making of a society is the finding of common meanings and directions, and its growth is an active debate and amendment under the pressures of experience, contact, and discovery, writing themselves into the land. The growing society is there, yet it is also made and remade in every individual mind.
The making of a mind is, first, the slow learning of shapes, purposes, and meanings, so that work, observation and communication are possible. Then, second, but equal in importance, is the testing of these in experience, the making of new observations, comparisons, and meanings.
A culture has two aspects: the known meanings and directions, which its members are trained to; the new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested. These are the ordinary processes of human societies and human minds, and we see through them the nature of a culture: that it is always both traditional and creative; that it is both the most ordinary common meanings and the finest individual meanings.
We use the word culture in these two senses: to mean a whole way of life ⸺ the common meanings; to mean the arts and learning ⸺ the special processes of discovery and creative effort. Some writers reserve the word for one or other of these senses; I insist on both, and on the significance of their conjunction. The questions I ask about our culture are questions about our general and common purposes, yet also questions about deep personal meanings.
Culture is ordinary, in every society and in every mind.

Raymond Williams. Culture is Ordinary. In: R. Williams. Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism. London: Verso, 1989. p. 3-14 (adapted).

Based on the grammatical and semantic aspects of the preceding text, judge the items that follow.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a core pillar of economic competitiveness, national security, and daily life. That reality is prompting governments worldwide to rethink their reliance on foreign technology providers. “Sovereign AI” has emerged as the strategic framework for nations aiming to take greater control over their AI capabilities — and telecommunications companies are finding themselves at the center of this shift.
Sovereign AI, in this context, is essentially a nation‟s ability to independently develop, host, and govern artificial intelligence systems using domestic infrastructure, workforce, and business ecosystems. Instead of depending on foreign technology providers or cloud platforms, countries pursuing sovereign AI seek to build end-to-end domestic capabilities. The concept covers both physical computing infrastructure and control over the full data lifecycle. That includes building foundational models trained on local datasets or adapting external data to reflect specific languages, dialects, and cultural contexts.
Multiple converging forces are pushing nations to prioritize sovereign AI capabilities. Data security concerns are near the top of the list. When AI systems, data storage, and computing infrastructure operate outside national borders, countries become exposed to foreign legal mandates and supply chain disruptions. For government decision-making and sensitive applications, that exposure creates unacceptable risk.
National security considerations add further urgency. AI‟s expanding role in critical infrastructure, military systems, and defense operations makes governments especially focused on ensuring vital systems which are not dependent on potentially adversarial foreign technologies. Space-based intelligence and satellite systems reflect this broader sovereignty imperative.

Christian de Looper. How “sovereign AI” could shape telecom. Internet: (adapted).

Concerning the previous text, judge the following items.

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 76 a 78, baseie-se no texto seguinte.

Challenges in Auditing: Overcoming Barriers to Financial Accuracy and Compliance
By accountancy / December 7, 2024

Auditing is essential for ensuring financial integrity, regulatory compliance, and fraud detection in organizations. However, the audit process faces numerous challenges that can hinder its effectiveness, including evolving regulations, financial complexities, technological disruptions, and fraud risks. These challenges impact the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of audit outcomes. This article explores some challenges in auditing and how organizations and auditors can address them.
As global economies grow more interconnected and digitalized, auditors are operating in an increasingly complex environment. According to the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), the top challenges facing modern auditors include adapting to evolving financial technologies, maintaining independence amid client pressures, and addressing regulatory diversity across jurisdictions. Understanding these barriers is crucial for enhancing audit quality and sustaining investor confidence.
1 . Evolving Accounting Standards and Regulations
Audit teams often face difficulties keeping pace with ongoing updates from regulatory bodies like the International Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). These revisions, while aimed at improving transparency, require significant retraining, policy adjustments, and system reconfiguration within firms. Noncompliance can result in audit deficiencies or sanctions from oversight bodies such as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOEB).
2 . Compliance with Multiple Jurisdictions
Multinational corporations present complex challenges due to varying legal Frameworks, tax systems, and currency translations. Auditors must coordinate across borders. often collaborating with local affiliates to ensure consistent audit quality under different reporting systems.
3 . Regulatory Investigations and Legal Risks
- Failure to detect fraud or misstatements can lead to legal actions against auditors.
- Auditors may face reputational damage if their reports are later found inaccurate.
- Example : An audit firm facing legal action for failing to uncover fraudulent revenue reporting.
Recent corporate scandals — such as the collapses of Enron, Wirecard, and Carillion — have heightened scrutiny on auditors. Regulatory agencies now demand greater accountability, transparency, and documentation. This has increased professional liability and insurance costs for audit firms.
4 . Fraud Risks and Ethical Challenges
- Companies may manipulate financial reports to inflate profits or hide losses.
- Auditors must apply forensic techniques to detect fraud effectively.
- Example : An organization overstating revenue to attract investors.
Fraudulent reporting remains a persistent global issue. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), organizations lose an estimated 5% of annual revenue to fraud. This underscores the importance of professional skepticism and data-driven audit analytics in uncovering deceptive practices.
5 . Auditor Independence and Conflict of Interest
- Auditors may face pressure from management to overlook financial irregularities.
- Close relationships with clients can compromise audit independence.
- Example : An auditor receiving incentives to provide an unqualified audit opinion despite financial misstatements. Maintaining independence is a cornerstone of audit ethics. The IFAC Code of Ethics emphasizes that even perceived conflicts of interest can erode trust. Audit rotation policies and separation of consulting services from audit work are key measures to preserve integrity.

(Disponivel em: https:Mauditingaccounting.comichallanges-in-auditing-overcoming-barriers-to-financial-aceuracy-and-compliance. Adaptado)

Text III
Aside from the difficulties of operating a decidedly multinational staff organization, once it is formed, the problem of reconciling the principle of equitable geographical distribution of recruits with that of “securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity” is a formidable one. This delicate task was politically imposed upon the League of Nations secretary-general, and is constitutionally required of his counterpart in the United Nations.
For better or for worse, recruitment policy cannot be based exclusively upon the criterion of the individual’s personal qualifications; in the field of international employment, the relevant irrelevancy is not “whom do you know” but “where are you from?” From a strictly administrative point of view, there is some positive value in securing broad nationality distribution, even at the expense of sheer quality; for some purposes, a slightly incompetent man’s nationality may make him more useful than a more expert civil servant of inappropriate nationality.
For the most part, however, the Charter principle of geographical distribution is a concession to political necessity. It licenses a kind of international spoils system in which states seek to nourish their national self-esteem by securing an adequate quota of international jobs for their citizens. Ironically, perhaps, because it is politically necessary it is also politically and administratively desirable; what shall it profit an international organization to maintain its administrative purity and lose its own members or their political support?
Inis L. and Claude Jr. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984, pp. 196-197 (adapted).
Regarding text III, judge whether the following statements are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

When a person (or team or firm or government) decides how to act in dealings with other people (or teams or firms or governments), there must be some cross-effect of their actions; what one does must affect the outcome for the other. For the interaction to become a strategic game, however, we need the participants’ mutual awareness of this cross-effect. What the other person does affects you; if you know this, you can react to his actions, or take advance actions to forestall the bad effects his future actions may have on you and to facilitate any good effects, or even take advance actions so as to alter his future reactions to your advantage. If you know that the other person knows that what you do affects him, you know that he will be taking similar actions. And so on. It is this mutual awareness of the cross-effects of actions and the actions taken as a result of this awareness that constitute the most interesting aspects of strategy.
When each participant is significant in the interaction, either because each is a large player to start with or because commitments or private information narrow the scope of the relationship to a point where each is an important player within the relationship, we must think of the interaction as a strategic game. Such situations are the rule rather than the exception in business, in politics, and even in social interactions. Therefore, the study of strategic games forms an important part of all fields that analyze these matters.

Avinash Dixit et al. Games of strategy. New York: W.W. Norton & Coadapted, 2015 (adapted).

Considering to the preceding text, judge the items that follow.

Digital technology is everywhere, and it is changing the way citizens behave. From working patterns to the day-to-day services we use and the places we live, there is no aspect of modern life that remains untouched by digital tools and solutions. This represents both the biggest challenge and opportunity for public sector organizations as they seek to engage citizens and create future-proofed, sustainably-minded societies.
The public sector plays a key role in setting the sustainability agenda for society, including the approach to circularity and recycling. While private sector companies can greatly influence the successful achievement of sustainability targets, the public sector bears the responsibility for outlining how society can achieve these goals more broadly at both national and local levels. By embracing the same digital technologies that are transforming their citizens’ lives, public sector organizations can help pivot society towards a more sustainable tomorrow.
In addition, there has been a rise of smart cities and the circular economy. Urban areas account for 75% of global carbon dioxide emissions, and the 100 cities with the greatest footprints account for 18% of global emissions. But there are more than 70 cities worldwide pledging to become carbon neutral by 2050.
Public sector actors can fuel sustainable transformation by releasing capital to invest in sustainable city transformation projects and smart cities. By tapping into the value of data and green infrastructure, smart cities can combat climate risks and become more resilient to the many unexpected events of today’s increasingly unpredictable world. These cities can support the decoupling of resource use and environmental impacts by diffusing circular economy approaches to production and consumption.

Internet: (adapted).

Based on the ideas presented in the previous text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.