Questões para Concursos

Social Dimensions of Climate Change

Extreme weather events are deeply intertwined with global patterns of inequality. The poorest and most vulnerable people bear the brunt of climate change impacts yet contribute the least to the crisis. As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face disproportionate challenges in terms of loss of jobs; physical harm; disease; mental health effects; food insecurity; access to water; migration and forced displacement; loss of shelter, assets, and community ties, and other related risks.
Some people are more vulnerable to climate change than others. For example, workers in sectors such as agriculture, fishing, and tourism rely on natural resources that are particularly sensitive to increasingly unpredictable weather and seasonal patterns. Female-headed households, children, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities, landless tenants, migrant workers, displaced persons, older people, and other socially marginalized groups often have fewer financial and other resources to cope with and recover from shocks which might threaten their wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. The root causes of their vulnerability lie in a combination of their geographical locations; their financial, socio-economic, cultural, and social status; and their access to resources, services, and decision-making power. The poor are often not just among the most vulnerable to climate change, but also disproportionately impacted by measures toaddress it. These impacts can include increased costs of living, loss of livelihoods, and limited access to resources and support systems, which exacerbate existing inequalities and poverty trends. In the absence of well-designed and citizen-centered policies, efforts to tackle climate change can have unintended consequences for the livelihoods of certain groups, including placing a higher financial burden on poor households [...].
While much progress has been made on the science and the types of policies needed to support a transition to low carbon, climate- resilient development, a challenge facing many countries is engaging citizens who are concerned that they will be unfairly impacted by climate policies. Citizen-centered programs play a vital role in ensuring that resources are used efficiently. Engaging people in shaping climate action is equally critical for achieving lasting impact. This means ensuring transparency, access to information, and active citizen engagement on climate risks and green growth. Such involvement can help build public support to reduce climate impacts, overcome behavioral and political barriers to decarbonization, as well as foster both new ideas and a sense of
ownership over solutions.
Moreover, communities bring unique perspectives, skills, and a wealth of knowledge to the challenge of strengthening resilience and addressing climate change. They should be engaged as partners in resilience-building rather than being regarded merely as beneficiaries. Research and experience show that community leaders can successfully set priorities, influence ownership, as well as design and implement investment programs that are responsive to their community's own needs. A 2022 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognizes the value of diverse forms of knowledge – such as scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge – in building climate resilience.
Innovations in the architecture of climate finance can connect communities and marginalized groups to the policy, technical, and financial assistance that they need for locally relevant and effective development outcomes.
From: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change

Social Dimensions of Climate Change

Extreme weather events are deeply intertwined with global patterns of inequality. The poorest and most vulnerable people bear the brunt of climate change impacts yet contribute the least to the crisis. As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face disproportionate challenges in terms of loss of jobs; physical harm; disease; mental health effects; food insecurity; access to water; migration and forced displacement; loss of shelter, assets, and community ties, and other related risks.
Some people are more vulnerable to climate change than others. For example, workers in sectors such as agriculture, fishing, and tourism rely on natural resources that are particularly sensitive to increasingly unpredictable weather and seasonal patterns. Female-headed households, children, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities, landless tenants, migrant workers, displaced persons, older people, and other socially marginalized groups often have fewer financial and other resources to cope with and recover from shocks which might threaten their wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. The root causes of their vulnerability lie in a combination of their geographical locations; their financial, socio-economic, cultural, and social status; and their access to resources, services, and decision-making power. The poor are often not just among the most vulnerable to climate change, but also disproportionately impacted by measures toaddress it. These impacts can include increased costs of living, loss of livelihoods, and limited access to resources and support systems, which exacerbate existing inequalities and poverty trends. In the absence of well-designed and citizen-centered policies, efforts to tackle climate change can have unintended consequences for the livelihoods of certain groups, including placing a higher financial burden on poor households [...].
While much progress has been made on the science and the types of policies needed to support a transition to low carbon, climate- resilient development, a challenge facing many countries is engaging citizens who are concerned that they will be unfairly impacted by climate policies. Citizen-centered programs play a vital role in ensuring that resources are used efficiently. Engaging people in shaping climate action is equally critical for achieving lasting impact. This means ensuring transparency, access to information, and active citizen engagement on climate risks and green growth. Such involvement can help build public support to reduce climate impacts, overcome behavioral and political barriers to decarbonization, as well as foster both new ideas and a sense of
ownership over solutions.
Moreover, communities bring unique perspectives, skills, and a wealth of knowledge to the challenge of strengthening resilience and addressing climate change. They should be engaged as partners in resilience-building rather than being regarded merely as beneficiaries. Research and experience show that community leaders can successfully set priorities, influence ownership, as well as design and implement investment programs that are responsive to their community's own needs. A 2022 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognizes the value of diverse forms of knowledge – such as scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge – in building climate resilience.
Innovations in the architecture of climate finance can connect communities and marginalized groups to the policy, technical, and financial assistance that they need for locally relevant and effective development outcomes.
From: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change

Extreme weather events are deeply intertwined with global patterns of inequality. The poorest and most vulnerable people bear the brunt of climate change impacts yet contribute the least to the crisis. As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face disproportionate challenges in terms of loss of jobs; physical harm; disease; mental health effects; food insecurity; access to water; migration and forced displacement; loss of shelter, assets, and community ties, and other related risks. Some people are more vulnerable to climate change than others. For example, workers in sectors such as agriculture, fishing, and tourism rely on natural resources that are particularly sensitive to increasingly unpredictable weather and seasonal patterns. Female-headed households, children, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities, landless tenants, migrant workers, displaced persons, older people, and other socially marginalized groups often have fewer financial and other resources to cope with and recover from shocks which might threaten their wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. The root causes of their vulnerability lie in a combination of their geographical locations; their financial, socio-economic, cultural, and social status; and their access to resources, services, and decision-making power.
The poor are often not just among the most vulnerable to climate change, but also disproportionately impacted by measures to address it. These impacts can include increased costs of living, loss of livelihoods, and limited access to resources and support systems, which exacerbate existing inequalities and poverty trends. In the absence of well-designed and citizen-centered policies, efforts to tackle climate change can have unintended consequences for the livelihoods of certain groups, including placing a higher financial burden on poor households [...].
While much progress has been made on the science and the types of policies needed to support a transition to low carbon, climate-resilient development, a challenge facing many countries is engaging citizens who are concerned that they will be unfairly impacted by climate policies. Citizen-centered programs play a vital role in ensuring that resources are used efficiently. Engaging people in shaping climate action is equally critical for achieving lasting impact. This means ensuring transparency, access to information, and active citizen engagement on climate risks and green growth. Such involvement can help build public support to reduce climate impacts, overcome behavioral and political barriers to decarbonization, as well as foster both new ideas and a sense of ownership over solutions.
Moreover, communities bring unique perspectives, skills, and a wealth of knowledge to the challenge of strengthening resilience and addressing climate change. They should be engaged as partners in resilience-building rather than being regarded merely as beneficiaries. Research and experience show that community leaders can successfully set priorities, influence ownership, as well as design and implement investment programs that are responsive to their community's own needs. A 2022 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognizes the value of diverse forms of knowledge such as scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge in building climate resilience. Innovations in the architecture of climate finance can connect communities and marginalized groups to the policy, technical, and financial assistance that they need for locally relevant and effective development outcomes.

From: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change

Extreme weather events are deeply intertwined with global patterns of inequality. The poorest and most vulnerable people bear the brunt of climate change impacts yet contribute the least to the crisis. As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face disproportionate challenges in terms of loss of jobs; physical harm; disease; mental health effects; food insecurity; access to water; migration and forced displacement; loss of shelter, assets, and community ties, and other related risks. Some people are more vulnerable to climate change than others. For example, workers in sectors such as agriculture, fishing, and tourism rely on natural resources that are particularly sensitive to increasingly unpredictable weather and seasonal patterns. Female-headed households, children, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities, landless tenants, migrant workers, displaced persons, older people, and other socially marginalized groups often have fewer financial and other resources to cope with and recover from shocks which might threaten their wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. The root causes of their vulnerability lie in a combination of their geographical locations; their financial, socio-economic, cultural, and social status; and their access to resources, services, and decision-making power.
The poor are often not just among the most vulnerable to climate change, but also disproportionately impacted by measures to address it. These impacts can include increased costs of living, loss of livelihoods, and limited access to resources and support systems, which exacerbate existing inequalities and poverty trends. In the absence of well-designed and citizen-centered policies, efforts to tackle climate change can have unintended consequences for the livelihoods of certain groups, including placing a higher financial burden on poor households [...].
While much progress has been made on the science and the types of policies needed to support a transition to low carbon, climate-resilient development, a challenge facing many countries is engaging citizens who are concerned that they will be unfairly impacted by climate policies. Citizen-centered programs play a vital role in ensuring that resources are used efficiently. Engaging people in shaping climate action is equally critical for achieving lasting impact. This means ensuring transparency, access to information, and active citizen engagement on climate risks and green growth. Such involvement can help build public support to reduce climate impacts, overcome behavioral and political barriers to decarbonization, as well as foster both new ideas and a sense of ownership over solutions.
Moreover, communities bring unique perspectives, skills, and a wealth of knowledge to the challenge of strengthening resilience and addressing climate change. They should be engaged as partners in resilience-building rather than being regarded merely as beneficiaries. Research and experience show that community leaders can successfully set priorities, influence ownership, as well as design and implement investment programs that are responsive to their community's own needs. A 2022 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognizes the value of diverse forms of knowledge such as scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge in building climate resilience. Innovations in the architecture of climate finance can connect communities and marginalized groups to the policy, technical, and financial assistance that they need for locally relevant and effective development outcomes.

From: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change

Access to affordable credit is fundamental to personal resilience and economic advancement. It helps fund housing, education, small businesses, and insurance to protect against financial shocks. Globally, 1.4 billion adults have no access to formal financial services because they lack a credit history, which is only acquired once someone has been granted credit. This paradox means millions of people are financially excluded.
This is not only a problem in emerging and developing markets, but also in developed markets like the US and the UK where millions remain underserved: approximately 45 million Americans are either credit invisible or have unscorable credit files, and around 5 million UK residents lack a mainstream credit history. For financial institutions, this represents not just a moral imperative, but also a major opportunity to unlock a new and largely untapped market through innovative and ethical data use.
Grocery shopping data is emerging as one of the most powerful alternative data sources for understanding the financial behavior of "credit invisibles". These four key characteristics highlight why grocery data is so insightful for credit scoring people with no credit history: universality, recency, granularity and frequency. Everyone buys groceries. Grocery shopping is a universal necessity that cuts across socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic boundaries. This makes grocery data uniquely representative of the broader population, which is a rare attribute among alternative data sources. Unlike many traditional data sources, grocery data is continually refreshed. Most consumers shop for groceries weekly, if not more often. This regularity offers a real-time view into consumer behavior, enabling financial institutions to assess an individual's current financial situation with striking accuracy. Grocery shopping data captures detailed behavioral signals. For example, consistent purchasing of staple goods at the same time each month can indicate budgeting discipline. Price sensitivity and use of discounts may suggest cautious financial management. A high-percentage of healthy food items and lack of junk food can be an indicator of financial responsibility. The high frequency of grocery shopping offers a dense timeline of behavioral data, allowing models to detect consistent financial habits, patterns, and anomalies. Unlike once-off data points like loan applications, grocery data builds a behavioral track record over time.
Research by scholars at Rice University, the University of Notre Dame, and Northwestern University found that variables such as shopping frequency, consistency in spending, choice of products, and use of discount programs correlate strongly with credit risk profiles. Importantly, it demonstrated that these behavioral patterns could significantly improve the predictive power of credit models, particularly for consumers without formal credit histories.
Grocery shopping data is recent, frequent, universal, and rich in behavioral insights. Coupled with banking data within a privacy-preserving data collaboration environment, it's opening the path to financial inclusion and protection for millions. Financial inclusion has remained out of reach for far too many, for far too long. Grocery data, used responsibly and collaboratively, may be the innovation that changes that at scale.
Available at: . Retrieved on: October 26, 2025. Adapted.

Read the following cartoons to answer questions 6 to 8.

Adapted from: https://www.instagram.com/newyorkercartoons/. Access on: 10 nov. 2023.

The worn wooden floorboards squeak under Rafael Molina’s heavy steps as he paces the saloon. Outside, the sound of galloping horses breaks the silence of the surrounding desert. All around him, the Old West town’s empty shops and abandoned houses look as if they have just been ransacked by cowboy bandits.
“When I was a kid, I could only dream about all this,” says the 68-year-old former actor and stuntman. “My aspiration was to see a film set firsthand. Today I own one of the most famous ones in the history of Western movies.”
But this busy movie site is located in Spain — not Montana or Texas. It’s one of three faux Old Western towns in the small village of Tabernas and the surrounding desert of the Almería province. Since the late 1950s, these rugged mountains, arid plains, and dry canyons have provided the backdrops for more than 170 movie Westerns, including The Good , The Bad and The Ugly (1966) and Once Upon a Time in The West (1968).
Molina belongs to a small community of local cowboy actors and stuntmen in Tabernas who have played a role in movies and TV shows since the first productions in the 1950s. They can perform anything from fistfights to horse drags. Knowledge and skills often pass from father to son, keeping tricks of the trade in the family. Steeped in the golden era of Westerns, these actors embody the values of their movie heroes: pride, bravado, freedom, and a trusting relationship with horses.
“I’ve always liked horses and the [U.S.] West,” says 29- year-old Ricardo Cruz Fernández, a stuntman and cowboy who appeared in recent productions including Game of Thrones . Fernández started his career as a cowboy after completing a stuntman course a decade ago.
Between productions, he performs daily shows at Fort Bravo for thousands of tourists who visit the set each year. In one show, Fernández portrays a bank robber who absconds with some gold. Visitors encounter him in the saloon, fist and (fake) gun fighting with actors playing his double-crossing accomplices. The town also offers cancan dance shows and set tours by horsedrawn wagon.
“I prefer to play the bad guy, because it gives me a wider range of possibilities,” says Fernández. “The good guy only has to keep things in order.”
Almería has hosted more than 500 productions, including blockbuster films ( Patton, Terminator: Dark Fate ) and TV shows ( Doctor Who ). “Our landscapes are very convenient. We have sea, desert, and snowy mountains all within a short distance,” says local producer Plácido Martínez. “We can serve as Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and endless other natural settings.”

Matteo Fagotto. The Wild West lives on in southern Spain .
In: National Geographic . Internet: (adapted).

Concerning the previous text and its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.

1 The same nerves involved in the fight-or-flight
response can cause permanent damage to the cells
responsible for producing hair color in mice, scientists
4 have found. There is some truth to the longstanding
anecdote that your locks can lose color when you’re
stressed.
7 A team of researchers has found that in mice,
stressful events damage the stem cells that are responsible
for producing pigment in hair. These stem cells, found near
10 the base of each hair follicle, differentiate to form more
specialized cells called melanocytes, which generate the
brown, black, red and yellow hues in hair and skin. Stress
13 makes the stem cells differentiate faster, exhausting their
number and resulting in strands that are more likely to be
transparent — gray.
16 The study also found that the sympathetic nervous
system, which prepares the body to respond to threats,
plays a major role in the graying process. “Normally, the
19 sympathetic nervous system is an emergency system for
fight or flight, and it is supposed to be very beneficial or, at
the very least, its effects are supposed to be transient and
22 reversible,” said Ya-Chieh Hsu.
Stress affects the whole body, so the researchers
had to do some investigation to figure out which
25 physiological system was conveying its effects to hair
follicles. The findings provide the first scientific link
between stress and hair graying. The new study is an
28 important step toward understanding the role of stress on
various tissues.

Internet: (adapted).

Concerning the text above, judge the items below.

The history of language study illustrates widely divergent attitudes concerning the relationship between writing and speech. Written language was the medium of literature, and, thus, a source of standards of linguistic excellence. It was felt to provide language with permanence and authority. The rules of grammar were, accordingly, illustrated exclusively from written texts.
The everyday spoken language, by contrast, was ignored or condemned as an object unworthy of study, demonstrating only lack of care and organization. It was said to have no rules, and speakers were left under the illusion that, in order to “speak properly”, it was necessary to follow the “correct” norms, as laid down in the recognized grammar books and manuals of written style.
There was sporadic criticism of this viewpoint throughout the 19 th century, but it was not until the 20 th century that an alternative approach became widespread. This approach pointed out that speech is many thousands of years older than writing; that it develops naturally in children (whereas writing has to be artificially taught); and that writing systems are derivative — mostly based on sounds of speech.
D. Crystal. How Language Works . London: Penguin Books, 2006 (adapted).
Based on the previous text, judge the following items.

A respeito das ideias, dos aspectos gramaticais e do vocabulário do
texto apresentado, julgue os itens a seguir.