Questões para Concursos

Text for the questions from 31 to 40.
The route to perfection

1 _____ Can there be perfection without pain for those who
are successful in the world of dance? Achieving excellence
depends on many different things, including physique and
4 luck. However, it is indisputable that those who dance
professionally must also follow a rigorous training regime.
Like athletes, dancers have to be strong, but they
7 also have to combine fitness with elegance and musicality.
It is said that giving a professional dance performance is not
dissimilar to playing a football game as dancers have to
10 alternate periods of sustained activity with short bursts of
explosive energy, and also being able to recover quickly.
It is worth noting that while in the past dancers used
13 to train mostly by going through repetitive routines, with
the high fitness standards that are currently the norm, they
use additional new techniques such as gym routines in order
16 to gain muscle strength and stamina. This will perhaps help
them attain their ultimate goal: perfection.

Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text IV,
decide whether the following items are right (C) or wrong (E).

Low Oil Prices Could Be Good
for Electricity and Renewables

By Robert Fares
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last
December, the global oil price has fallen to levels
not seen in over five years. For many, the recent
price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil
5 price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike
and drew attention away from renewable energy
and other alternatives — famously prompting U.S.
President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House
solar panels that had been installed by the previous
10 administration.
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for
renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible
low oil prices could actually improve the economics
of renewable energy. It all comes down to the
15 relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom
line of technologies like wind and solar.
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused
a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced
20 17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the
oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in
domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and
renewable energy.
25 Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s,
today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of
its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of
oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural
30 gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables.
The fuel with the most direct impact on the price
of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas
generation often sets the price of electricity in the
35 market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the
price of electricity, it’s really important to think about
how they might affect the price of natural gas.
Although oil and natural gas prices have
decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link
40 between the price of oil and the price of natural gas,
because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is
produced from wells drilled for the express purpose
of extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that
45 are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as
a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead
gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure.
However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and
50 Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the
existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really
after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is
often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no
cost — depressing the overall price of natural gas.
55 The Railroad Commission of Texas, which
regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate
data on natural gas produced from gas wells and
natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas
60 production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has
actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly
since 2008.
Available at:
low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>.
Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.

From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking

More so than many other fields of business, the
maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn
gives the appearance of being conservative towards
technology. Certainly, we have technical ships
5 magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t
look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can
take decades for a technology to become mainstream.
Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International
Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial
10 exception to the rule though, with many fleet owners
realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation
and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a
fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your
15 own logistical processes, can significantly improve
efficiency. If a ship arrives early or late, more often
than not there will be an associated cost. If this can
be identified during transit then the early or late arrival
can be negated or at least planned for. Likewise, if
20 by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats
means that you can route the closest vessel to the
next job, then significant fuel cost savings can be
made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is
used is just as important as knowing where a vessel
25 is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship
or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to
position reports is essential.

A new tracking unit

30 ___ RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit
for the professional maritime environment. During
its design phase, the team decided that in order for
the position data it provides to be of the most use,
as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own
35 fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in
any software system the user chooses. Using a
standards-based API (Application Programming
Interface), the customer can integrate tracking data
from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically
40 this means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be
added to existing fleet management software, which
invariably is designed around an owner or operators
own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available,
45 the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the
creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock
Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll
of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different
amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in
50 international waters, in port or transiting regions with
high piracy incidents.

RockFLEET, a unique device

The above user is a private security company
involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets
55 location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version
of RockFLEET, which is a new fixed unit that can be
fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and
with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact
(13cm diameter/4cm high) device with multiple
60 mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET
was in part driven by the security challenges faced by
vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous;
as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works
65 from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery
inside. Which is important should a vessel be hijacked
and the main power cut.
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a
region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring
70 safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an
operational vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners
and fleet managers will know where their ships are at
all times. This information can be fed to authorities,
private anti-piracy companies and the naval forces
75 patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear, near
real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of
this information should a vessel be hijacked is obvious:
knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides
responders with a starting point should a hijacked
80 vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
Today’s pirates know that many commercial
vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets
sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So
disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a
85 sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s
crew have been subdued and because most tracking
units are powered by the vessel, finding and cutting
the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however,
is the only device of its kind with an internal battery
90 backup, so it can continue to transmit position for up
to two weeks if external power is cut.
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it
especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy
hotspots.

Available at: .
Retrieved on: Jan, 7 th , 2015. Adapted.

TEXT I – QUESTIONS 21 to 32

August 24, 2016 / By Digestive Health Team
Are You Pooping All Wrong?
5 tips to keep your bowels healthy

When it comes to our bowels — and their movements — we may not give them much thought. Of course, when things are not going well, we notice.
However, bowel movements don’t just tell us about the health of our digestive system. This may sound strange, but signs of everything from diseases to stress may show up in your bathroom habits. The key is knowing what to look for — and what the signs may mean.
Here are five tips to encourage healthy bowels:
1. Don’t ignore rectal bleeding
The first thing most people worry about when they have minor rectal bleeding is that they have a cancer. Of course, colon cancer is also a concern. But it’s the cause of rectal bleeding only 1 to 2 percent of the time.
Two problems are usually responsible for blood on the paper, on the stool or in the toilet: hemorrhoids and anal fissures. The good news is that both problems are usually easy to fix.
2. Be careful not to be overzealous when you wipe
A lot of people assume they have hemorrhoids. May their bottoms itch and they feel extra skin down there as they wipe. Must be hemorrhoids, right?
So they treat themselves with medicated wipes or cream. And yet the “hemorrhoids” don’t go away — they itch even more.
Often, the problem is, ironically, being too clean. What happens is a circular process. Filled with good intentions, you try to keep yourself scrupulously clean by using flushable wipes. But the unexpected result is that this leads to itching and the feeling that you have hemorrhoids.
3. Don’t treat the bathroom like a library
Think of your time in the bathroom as a necessity, not an extended escape. If your toilet has stacks of magazines or books on the water tank, consider moving them to another room.
Why? The more time you spend on the toilet, the more likely you will strain for bowel movements. Also, the seated position puts extra stress on your anal blood vessels. Both of these factors boost your risk of hemorrhoids.
4. Get enough fiber in your diet
The goal is to eat 25 to 35 grams of fiber each day. The lack of fiber in the American diet is perhaps the major problem that leads to issues with constipation.
One of the challenges is that not all natural sources are equal in the amounts of fiber they contain, so you don’t always get a consistent amount of fiber intake every day, depending on what you eat. One day a bowl of oatmeal may do it. Another day a serving of broccoli may not.
Of course, each person’s needs are different, too, so you have to find what works best for your body.
5. Avoid dehydration if you have diarrhea
The biggest danger with a short bout of diarrhea is dehydration, or the loss of water and nutrients from the body’s tissues. You could become dehydrated if you have diarrhea more than three times a day and are not drinking enough fluids. Dehydration can cause serious complications if it is not treated. The best way to guard against dehydration is to drink liquids that contain both salt and sugar.
(Source: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/08/poop/)

TEXT II – QUESTIONS 33 to 44

Dear Mayor Estrosi, Mayor Vivoni, Prime Minister
Manuel Valls, Former President Nicolas Sarkozy,
and other French officials who have supported
France’s burkini ban:

My name is Amara Majeed, and I am a 19-yearold Muslim Sri Lankan American. I am a student at Brown University, studying cognitive neuroscience and public policy.
When I look at the photo circulating of a woman in Nice being surrounded by armed police officers as she is coerced into removing her clothing, because French officials deemed the burkini to be inappropriate beach attire, I see infringement on a woman’s right to choose what she puts on her body by a group of white males. I see the scapegoating, ostracization, and criminalization of Muslims in the aftermath of the Nice terror attacks. I am a woman who wears the hijab, and I see an affront to the rights and civil liberties of women like me.
Deputy Mayor of Nice, Christian Estrosi: You have stated that you support this ban on “inappropriate clothing” in the wake of the Nice terror attacks. Mayor Vivoni, you have described the burkini ban as a necessary measure to “protect the population.” Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy, you have labeled the burkini as a symbol of extremism.
Let me respond to all of you by saying this: any conflation of the burkini with terrorism is invalid, virulent, and discriminatory. Tell me, in what way does our way of dress pose a threat to France’s national security? In what way does the burkini propagate hateful, violent ideologies? How is it that our way of dress poses a national security threat, yet some wetsuits, which take on strikingly similar designs to the burkini, aren’t? While France’s highest administrative court has now overturned the ban, the damage has already been done — this attack on the Muslim way of dress only serves as fodder to the already existing rising anti-Muslim sentiment and stigmatization of Muslims in France. If this institutionalized Islamophobia and fearmongering is being perpetrated by French officials and authorities, I fear how the general public’s poor treatment of hijab-clad women may be exacerbated in the coming weeks. We’re all well aware that hate crimes and violence targeting Muslim women wearing the hijab is not a new phenomenon in France.
As one burkini-clad woman who was forced to leave the beach states, “Because people who have nothing to do with my religion have killed, I no longer have the right to go to the beach.” In the eyes of many authority figures, our religious identity in and of itself is incriminating. Our way of dress is incriminating. Our sheer existence is incriminating.
Many of you have called the hijab an emblem of oppression. In April, France’s Minister for Women’s Rights equated women who choose to wear the hijab with “Negroes who were in favor of slavery.” More recently, France’s prime minister stated that the burkini is a tool of “enslavement,” and former French President Sarkozy insinuated that hijabclad women are imprisoned.
I am genuinely tired of individuals like you imposing your brand of colonial feminism on us and telling us that we are oppressed, that we have been indoctrinated, that this was not our choice, and that we need to be unshackled. Instead of continuing to pursue these offensive and failing attempts at liberating us, I implore you to liberate yourselves from this white savior complex and recognize that we don’t need your saving. The hijab does not oppress me. For me, the hijab is a symbol of feminism and freedom of expression — so who are you to invalidate my experiences, to invalidate a fundamental, inextricable aspect of my identity, and to label me as enslaved, as imprisoned, as oppressed? By depriving us of our rights to dress the way we want, by making public spaces inaccessible to us, by publicly humiliating us and coercing us to remove some of our clothing while we are trying to enjoy a day at the beach — you are oppressing us.
My news feed has been saturated with people posting photos of a Muslim woman at a beach being forced to strip, captioned with outrage and vitriol towards this form of discrimination. While your support of our rights is appreciated, I ask that you refrain from doing a disservice to this individual by circulating this photo. It may not seem like you are violating a woman’s privacy and liberties by sharing a picture revealing her arms or shoulders, but it is incumbent upon us to understand that she did not freely choose to show those parts of her body in public. Even if the intent is to excoriate the burkini ban while circulating these photos, I implore you to not be complicit, whether directly or indirectly, in systems of oppression that are stripping women, literally, of their right to choose what they wear.
Yours truly,

Amara Majeed – a muslin woman
(Source: http://www.bustle.com/articles/180721-an-open-letter-tofrench-officials-who-support-the-burkini-ban-from-a-muslim-woman)