Questões para Concursos

Leia o texto para responder à questão. In the literature on language learning, one particular process has commonly been singled out for explication: transfer. The term describes the carryover of previous performance or knowledge to subsequent learning. Positive transfer occurs when the prior knowledge benefits the learning task; negative transfer, or interference, occurs when previous performance disrupts the performance of a second task. It has been common in second language teaching to stress the role of interference. This is of course not surprising, as native language interference is surely the most immediately noticeable source of error among second language learners. The saliency of interference is strong. For example, a French native speaker might say in English, “I am in New York since January,” a perfectly logical transfer of the French sentence “Je suis a New York depuis Janvier.” Because of the negative transfer of the French verb form to English, the French system has, in this case, interfered with the person’s production of a correct English form. It is exceedingly important to remember, however, that the native language of a second language learner is often positively transferred, in which case the learner benefits from the facilitating effects of the first language. In the above sentence, for example, the correct one-to-one word order correspondence, the personal pronoun, and the preposition have been positively transferred from French to English. We often mistakenly overlook the facilitating effects of the native language in our appetite for analyzing errors in the second language and for overstressing the interfering effects of the first language. (Douglas Brown. Principles of language learning and teaching , 2000. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à questão. In the literature on language learning, one particular process has commonly been singled out for explication: transfer. The term describes the carryover of previous performance or knowledge to subsequent learning. Positive transfer occurs when the prior knowledge benefits the learning task; negative transfer, or interference, occurs when previous performance disrupts the performance of a second task. It has been common in second language teaching to stress the role of interference. This is of course not surprising, as native language interference is surely the most immediately noticeable source of error among second language learners. The saliency of interference is strong. For example, a French native speaker might say in English, “I am in New York since January,” a perfectly logical transfer of the French sentence “Je suis a New York depuis Janvier.” Because of the negative transfer of the French verb form to English, the French system has, in this case, interfered with the person’s production of a correct English form. It is exceedingly important to remember, however, that the native language of a second language learner is often positively transferred, in which case the learner benefits from the facilitating effects of the first language. In the above sentence, for example, the correct one-to-one word order correspondence, the personal pronoun, and the preposition have been positively transferred from French to English. We often mistakenly overlook the facilitating effects of the native language in our appetite for analyzing errors in the second language and for overstressing the interfering effects of the first language. (Douglas Brown. Principles of language learning and teaching , 2000. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à questão. In the literature on language learning, one particular process has commonly been singled out for explication: transfer. The term describes the carryover of previous performance or knowledge to subsequent learning. Positive transfer occurs when the prior knowledge benefits the learning task; negative transfer, or interference, occurs when previous performance disrupts the performance of a second task. It has been common in second language teaching to stress the role of interference. This is of course not surprising, as native language interference is surely the most immediately noticeable source of error among second language learners. The saliency of interference is strong. For example, a French native speaker might say in English, “I am in New York since January,” a perfectly logical transfer of the French sentence “Je suis a New York depuis Janvier.” Because of the negative transfer of the French verb form to English, the French system has, in this case, interfered with the person’s production of a correct English form. It is exceedingly important to remember, however, that the native language of a second language learner is often positively transferred, in which case the learner benefits from the facilitating effects of the first language. In the above sentence, for example, the correct one-to-one word order correspondence, the personal pronoun, and the preposition have been positively transferred from French to English. We often mistakenly overlook the facilitating effects of the native language in our appetite for analyzing errors in the second language and for overstressing the interfering effects of the first language. (Douglas Brown. Principles of language learning and teaching , 2000. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão. Trabalho infantil: crianças impedidas em nome da sobrevivência O trabalho infantil expõe a desigualdade e a indiferença ao direito de ser criança. “O trabalho infantil impede que crianças desenvolvam, em toda potência, suas habilidades e capacidades em um contexto saudável. Consiste na violação à regra constitucional de prioridade absoluta à garantia dos direitos às crianças e aos adolescentes. As consequências geram efeitos para toda a vida, alimentando o ciclo de pobreza e exclusão social”, ressalta Mariana Zan, advogada do Instituto Alana. Segundo relatórios, 160 milhões de crianças e adolescentes vivem atualmente em situação de trabalho infantil no mundo, sendo cerca de 2 milhões de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Mais da metade tem entre 5 e 11 anos. Os números reforçam a cultura de que é normal crianças trabalharem para sobreviver. Vê-se que a sociedade ignora o direito à infância. No interior do Pará, encontramos o caso de Vilciney Silva. “Com nove anos, eu ia para a feira vender coxinha de manhã e pamonha à tarde. Nos fins de semana, eu vendia amendoim nas festas. Morava com meus avós e não tinha tempo para brincar nem estudar. A gente tinha que existir e se alimentar”, conta. Hoje, pai de três meninos, faz questão de brincar quando estão juntos. Para ele, é o momento de alegria que descobriu já adulto. O trabalho durante a infância não era uma opção. Tinha que fazer. “Eu me questionava se ia conseguir as coisas sem a escola. Mas entre estudar e ter comida, a fome falava mais alto”, diz. Prestes a terminar o curso de licenciatura em Educação do Campo, ele quer seguir os estudos e fazer mestrado. Os sonhos do menino que trabalhava na feira foram adiados por muito tempo. “Percebi a necessidade de estudar e que, para o pobre, as dificuldades sempre acontecem, mas a gente não tem que desistir”, conclui. (Célia Fernanda Lima. “Trabalho infantil: crianças impedidas em nome da sobrevivência”. Lunetas . 13.06.2022. Adaptado)