Questões para Concursos

Atenção : Considere o texto abaixo para responder às questões de números 26 e 27.

Using the Washington, D.C. Metro Subway System

By Rachel Cooper

Updated 07/10/19

The Washington Metro, the District's regional subway system, provides a clean, safe, and reliable way to get around almost all of the major attractions in Washington, D.C. The Metro does extend to the suburbs of Maryland and Virginia. KK .
.. I ... the Metrorail trains can be crowded with commuters during rush hour and when there is a big event going on downtown, taking the Washington Metro is usually cheaper and easier than finding a place to park in the city. Several Metro stations are helpful sightseeing stops.
The Metro Lines
Since opening in 1976, the Metrorail network has grown to include six lines, 91 stations, and 117 miles of track. It is the thirdbusiest rapid transit system in the United States in the number of passenger trips after New York City and Chicago.
Hours
The Metro begins operation at 5 a.m. on weekdays, 7 a.m. on Saturdays, and 8 a.m. on Sundays. Service ends at 11:30 p.m. Monday through Thursday, 1 a.m. Friday and Saturday, and 11 p.m. on Sundays, although the last trains leave their terminals about a half an hour before these times.
Trains run frequently averaging four to 10 minutes between trains with frequency increasing during rush hour times. Night and weekend service varies between eight and 20 minutes, with trains generally scheduled only every 20 minutes.
Metro Farecards
A SmartTrip Metro farecard is required to ride the Metro. The rechargeable, proximity card is encoded with any amount up to $300. If you register your card, and you lose it, or it is stolen, you do not lose the value of the card.
Fares range from $2 to $6 depending on your destination and the time of day. Fares are cheaper after 9:30 a.m. until 3 p.m. and after 7 p.m. until close. An all-day Metro pass is available for $14.75. Metro charges reduced fares on all federal holidays.

(Adapted from: https://www.tripsavvy.com)

Atenção : Considere o texto abaixo para responder às questões de números 28 a 30.

The London Underground

The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving London, England and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.
The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. Opened in January 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2017/18 carried 1.357 billion passengers, making it the world's 11th busiest metro system. The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5 million passengers a day.
Despite its name, only 45% of the system is underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface.
As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares.

Early years

The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with the urban centre was proposed in the 1830s, and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854. To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, filled up. The world's first underground railway opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives.
While steam locomotives were in use on the Underground there were health reports. There were many instances of passengers collapsing whilst travelling, due to heat and pollution, leading for calls to clean the air through the installation of garden plants. The Metropolitan even encouraged beards for staff to act as an air filter. There were other reports claiming beneficial outcomes of using the Underground, including the designation of Great Portland Street as a "sanatorium for [sufferers of ...] asthma and bronchial complaints", tonsillitis could be cured with acid gas and the Twopenny Tube cured anorexia.
During the war many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters. On 3 March 1943, a test of the air-raid warning sirens, together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket, resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station. A total of 173 people, including 62 children, died, making this both the worst civilian disaster of World War II, and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network.
A different kind of accident occurred on 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground.
A few years later, on 18 November 1987, fire broke out in an escalator at King's Cross St. Pancras tube station. The resulting fire cost the lives of 31 people and injured a further 100. London Underground were strongly criticised in the aftermath for their attitude to fires underground, and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport. To comply with new safety regulations issued as a result of the fire, and to combat graffiti, a train refurbishment project was launched in July 1991.

(Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org)

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1 ------ ‘Basic human rights’ is a term which refers to those
human rights that are generally considered most necessary or
essential to the wellbeing and dignity of the human person.
4 In concept, when basic human rights are guaranteed, they help
to assure the primary material and nonmaterial needs of human
beings, so that they can lead a dignified life. Because of this,
7 these rights are given absolute precedence in both national and
international law and policy.
There is no universally accepted list of these rights, as
10 they vary somewhat according to different cultural contexts.
However, they would include, for example, the right to life,
food, shelter, and medical treatment, freedom from torture, and
13 from cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment and punishment,
freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom from
slavery. All human rights are considered equal, interdependent,
16 interrelated, and indivisible in theory. Nevertheless, the term
‘basic human rights’ designates certain human rights that are
simply too basic not to be respected.
According to the text CB5A1AAA, judge the next items.
M. Victor Condé. Basic human right s. In: A handbook of
international human rights terminology . 2 nd ed., p. 23-4 (adapted).
According to the text CB5A1AAA, judge the next items.
According to the text CB5A1AAA, judge the next items.

Based on the text, judge the following items.

Text for the questions from 31 to 40.
The route to perfection

1 _____ Can there be perfection without pain for those who
are successful in the world of dance? Achieving excellence
depends on many different things, including physique and
4 luck. However, it is indisputable that those who dance
professionally must also follow a rigorous training regime.
Like athletes, dancers have to be strong, but they
7 also have to combine fitness with elegance and musicality.
It is said that giving a professional dance performance is not
dissimilar to playing a football game as dancers have to
10 alternate periods of sustained activity with short bursts of
explosive energy, and also being able to recover quickly.
It is worth noting that while in the past dancers used
13 to train mostly by going through repetitive routines, with
the high fitness standards that are currently the norm, they
use additional new techniques such as gym routines in order
16 to gain muscle strength and stamina. This will perhaps help
them attain their ultimate goal: perfection.

Based on the text, judge the following items.

Why the brain-body connection is more
important than we think

Our brains aren’t flying solo; our emotions also come into play when we’re interacting with the world, new research finds.

1 The book The Biological Mind explores two opposing
ways of looking at the brain: one in which our bodies and the
environment we live in affect how we think and what we do,
4 and the idea that the brain is an isolated and all-powerful
entity.
The idea that our brains are like giant
7 supercomputers, orchestrating and determining everything
we do, has gained ground in recent years. So too have ideas
that a short time ago would have been regarded as science
10 fiction, like downloading the Internet directly to our brains,
or creating a new kind of human, one with enhanced
cognitive powers.
13 In his new book, Alan Jasanoff, professor of
biological engineering at MIT, explains why this “cerebral
mystique” creates a false dichotomy between the brain and
16 the body and ignores bodily influences on our psychology,
from chemicals in the blood to bacteria in the gut.
Speaking from his office at MIT, he explained why
19 Red Sox legend Ted Williams had his body frozen in hopes
he could be thawed and re-animated someday; why changes
in temperature influence how much Dutch police shoot
22 their guns; and why the idea of downloading the Internet
directly into our brains is not a good one.
This book is largely about two opposite ideas: the
25 biological mind centered on the brain, in which influences
from the rest of the body and outside the body shape what
we think and do, and the cerebral mystique, a complex of
28 stereotypes and ideals about the brain, which tend to treat
it as an isolated and all-powerful entity, almost like a
modern version of the soul.
31 The problem with having a dualistic view of the brain
and its relationship to the physical body, and the physical
world, is that it makes us see ourselves as unnaturally
34 self-contained, both as minds and as autonomous agents.
In other words, we view ourselves as things that operate
from within, so we’re less sensitive to things that influence
37 us on the outside. The idea that the brain is a machine, an
abstract entity like a giant supercomputer, has been around
for a while, basically since computers. Other people have
40 used a quantum analogy for the brain. But the idea of the
brain as a computer is the most common in this day and
age.
Internet: (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following items.

Why the brain-body connection is more
important than we think

Our brains aren’t flying solo; our emotions also come into play when we’re interacting with the world, new research finds.

1 The book The Biological Mind explores two opposing
ways of looking at the brain: one in which our bodies and the
environment we live in affect how we think and what we do,
4 and the idea that the brain is an isolated and all-powerful
entity.
The idea that our brains are like giant
7 supercomputers, orchestrating and determining everything
we do, has gained ground in recent years. So too have ideas
that a short time ago would have been regarded as science
10 fiction, like downloading the Internet directly to our brains,
or creating a new kind of human, one with enhanced
cognitive powers.
13 In his new book, Alan Jasanoff, professor of
biological engineering at MIT, explains why this “cerebral
mystique” creates a false dichotomy between the brain and
16 the body and ignores bodily influences on our psychology,
from chemicals in the blood to bacteria in the gut.
Speaking from his office at MIT, he explained why
19 Red Sox legend Ted Williams had his body frozen in hopes
he could be thawed and re-animated someday; why changes
in temperature influence how much Dutch police shoot
22 their guns; and why the idea of downloading the Internet
directly into our brains is not a good one.
This book is largely about two opposite ideas: the
25 biological mind centered on the brain, in which influences
from the rest of the body and outside the body shape what
we think and do, and the cerebral mystique, a complex of
28 stereotypes and ideals about the brain, which tend to treat
it as an isolated and all-powerful entity, almost like a
modern version of the soul.
31 The problem with having a dualistic view of the brain
and its relationship to the physical body, and the physical
world, is that it makes us see ourselves as unnaturally
34 self-contained, both as minds and as autonomous agents.
In other words, we view ourselves as things that operate
from within, so we’re less sensitive to things that influence
37 us on the outside. The idea that the brain is a machine, an
abstract entity like a giant supercomputer, has been around
for a while, basically since computers. Other people have
40 used a quantum analogy for the brain. But the idea of the
brain as a computer is the most common in this day and
age.
Internet: (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following items.

Text for the questions from 38 to 50.
Sound Advice for Language Learners

1 A recent issue of a language learning magazine has
consulted a number of experts in the field of second
language acquisition. Their advice may prove invaluable for
4 those considering a language course. Ask yourself some
basic questions, they suggest. Did you enjoy studying
languages at school, for example? Can you really afford the
7 time to learn a language?
First and foremost, you have to be realistic in your
goals. If you fail to set achievable aims you are likely to give
10 up. Besides, it is worth knowing that the most expensive
courses are not necessarily the best. You should also bear in
mind that the quicker you learn a language the more quickly
13 you forget it. Sue Miller, a French teacher, attempted to
teach herself German by enrolling on a crash course.
Already fluent in three languages, her chances of making
16 progress were high. Two years on she hardly remembers
anything. “I should have chosen a regular course in order to
have more time for practice and consolidation.”
19 Sue’s comment is certainly a good piece of advice.
Internet: (adapted).

Text for the questions from 28 to 37.
A Musical Genius

1 Beethoven is one of the most influential figures in
the history of classical music. His exceptional talent was
already evident when he was still a young man, trying to
4 survive a rather unorthodox upbringing. Indeed, his
eccentric father would often make him study music in the
middle of the night.
7 Soon, the young Beethoven's ability won him the
admiration of the leading contemporary musical figures.
However, just at the point when he was beginning to reap
10 the rewards of his early endeavors, he realized that he was
becoming deaf. Beethoven felt devastated as it was clear to
him that his increasing deafness was incurable. And yet, he
13 kept composing and his music displayed a striking change in
style, becoming both heavier in tone and larger in scale.
Internet: (adapted).