Questões para Concursos

Text for the items from 13 to 22.
The first computer programmer

1 Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the English poet
Lord Byron. She was taught by Mary Somerville, a
well‐known researcher and scientific author, who
4 introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833. Babbage was a
respected English mathematician and mechanical engineer
who first had the idea for a programmable computer.
7 In 1842 and 1843, Ada translated the work of an
Italian mathematician, Luigi Menabrea, on Babbage's
Analytical Engine. Babbage worked on it for many years
10 until his death in 1871. However, because of financial,
political, and legal issues the engine was never built. The
design of the machine was very modern; it anticipated the
13 first completed general‐purpose computers by about
100 years.
When Ada translated the article, she added some
16 notes which specified in detail a method for calculating
certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which have
since been recognized by historians as the world’s first
19 computer program. She also saw possibilities in it that
Babbage hadn’t. Indeed, she recognized that the machine
had applications beyond mere calculation; composing
22 pieces of music was one of them.
Internet: (adapted).
Based on the text, judge the items below.

Leia o texto para responder à questão. There is nothing conventional about 17-year-old Michael Fuller’s relationship with music. As someone with high-functioning autism who sees the world through sound, creating melodies from the bustle of the high street or trains on the tracks feels more natural than any social interaction. This hardwired connection to sound has been with him for as long as he can remember. By the age of 11, Michael could play Mozart by ear, having taught himself to play the piano through a mobile phone app. The app highlighted notes on a keyboard as classical music played. He describes his unusual musical talent as “downloading” music into his head. His mother, Nadine, remembers that as a child Michael would “suddenly pop up and say: ‘I’ve got a symphony’”. Michael took to the piano and found he could quickly perform complex pieces from memory. “I liked what I was hearing, sought more music and began studying through Google and YouTube,” he remembers. “It was very organic. I would listen in great depth and the music would be implanted in my mind. I could then just play it on the piano – all without being taught.” Growing up in a family that listened to reggae over classical music, Michael feels “very much aware” of how different his approach is to music – symbolised by the way he taught himself piano as a child. This, his mother says, came as a “surprise to the family and myself – I’d never listened to classical music in my life”. It was not long after learning to play the piano that Michael started composing his own works. Describing this process as “making music with my mind”, Michael says composing classical symphonies “helps me to express myself through music – it makes me calm”. Michael wants to nurture his song writing to achieve his ambition of becoming a modern mainstream classical artist. He wants to control the creative process, unlike typical modern-day composers, who he says “write blobs on a page, hand it over to the musicians – then say bye-bye and stay in the background and get no recognition”. Instead, Michael is determined to take centre stage. (Alex Taylor. www.bbc.com, 27.03.2018. Adaptado.)

Opportunity Cost This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket. This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin. One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues. SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket. This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin. One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues. SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket. This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________ a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin. One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues. SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking

More so than many other fields of business, the
maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn
gives the appearance of being conservative towards
technology. Certainly, we have technical ships
5 magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t
look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can
take decades for a technology to become mainstream.
Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International
Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial
10 exception to the rule though, with many fleet owners
realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation
and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a
fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your
15 own logistical processes, can significantly improve
efficiency. If a ship arrives early or late, more often
than not there will be an associated cost. If this can
be identified during transit then the early or late arrival
can be negated or at least planned for. Likewise, if
20 by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats
means that you can route the closest vessel to the
next job, then significant fuel cost savings can be
made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is
used is just as important as knowing where a vessel
25 is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship
or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to
position reports is essential.

A new tracking unit

30 ___ RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit
for the professional maritime environment. During
its design phase, the team decided that in order for
the position data it provides to be of the most use,
as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own
35 fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in
any software system the user chooses. Using a
standards-based API (Application Programming
Interface), the customer can integrate tracking data
from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically
40 this means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be
added to existing fleet management software, which
invariably is designed around an owner or operators
own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available,
45 the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the
creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock
Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll
of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different
amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in
50 international waters, in port or transiting regions with
high piracy incidents.

RockFLEET, a unique device

The above user is a private security company
involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets
55 location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version
of RockFLEET, which is a new fixed unit that can be
fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and
with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact
(13cm diameter/4cm high) device with multiple
60 mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET
was in part driven by the security challenges faced by
vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous;
as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works
65 from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery
inside. Which is important should a vessel be hijacked
and the main power cut.
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a
region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring
70 safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an
operational vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners
and fleet managers will know where their ships are at
all times. This information can be fed to authorities,
private anti-piracy companies and the naval forces
75 patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear, near
real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of
this information should a vessel be hijacked is obvious:
knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides
responders with a starting point should a hijacked
80 vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
Today’s pirates know that many commercial
vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets
sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So
disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a
85 sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s
crew have been subdued and because most tracking
units are powered by the vessel, finding and cutting
the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however,
is the only device of its kind with an internal battery
90 backup, so it can continue to transmit position for up
to two weeks if external power is cut.
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it
especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy
hotspots.

Available at: .
Retrieved on: Jan, 7 th , 2015. Adapted.

TEXT II – QUESTIONS 33 to 44

Dear Mayor Estrosi, Mayor Vivoni, Prime Minister
Manuel Valls, Former President Nicolas Sarkozy,
and other French officials who have supported
France’s burkini ban:

My name is Amara Majeed, and I am a 19-yearold Muslim Sri Lankan American. I am a student at Brown University, studying cognitive neuroscience and public policy.
When I look at the photo circulating of a woman in Nice being surrounded by armed police officers as she is coerced into removing her clothing, because French officials deemed the burkini to be inappropriate beach attire, I see infringement on a woman’s right to choose what she puts on her body by a group of white males. I see the scapegoating, ostracization, and criminalization of Muslims in the aftermath of the Nice terror attacks. I am a woman who wears the hijab, and I see an affront to the rights and civil liberties of women like me.
Deputy Mayor of Nice, Christian Estrosi: You have stated that you support this ban on “inappropriate clothing” in the wake of the Nice terror attacks. Mayor Vivoni, you have described the burkini ban as a necessary measure to “protect the population.” Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy, you have labeled the burkini as a symbol of extremism.
Let me respond to all of you by saying this: any conflation of the burkini with terrorism is invalid, virulent, and discriminatory. Tell me, in what way does our way of dress pose a threat to France’s national security? In what way does the burkini propagate hateful, violent ideologies? How is it that our way of dress poses a national security threat, yet some wetsuits, which take on strikingly similar designs to the burkini, aren’t? While France’s highest administrative court has now overturned the ban, the damage has already been done — this attack on the Muslim way of dress only serves as fodder to the already existing rising anti-Muslim sentiment and stigmatization of Muslims in France. If this institutionalized Islamophobia and fearmongering is being perpetrated by French officials and authorities, I fear how the general public’s poor treatment of hijab-clad women may be exacerbated in the coming weeks. We’re all well aware that hate crimes and violence targeting Muslim women wearing the hijab is not a new phenomenon in France.
As one burkini-clad woman who was forced to leave the beach states, “Because people who have nothing to do with my religion have killed, I no longer have the right to go to the beach.” In the eyes of many authority figures, our religious identity in and of itself is incriminating. Our way of dress is incriminating. Our sheer existence is incriminating.
Many of you have called the hijab an emblem of oppression. In April, France’s Minister for Women’s Rights equated women who choose to wear the hijab with “Negroes who were in favor of slavery.” More recently, France’s prime minister stated that the burkini is a tool of “enslavement,” and former French President Sarkozy insinuated that hijabclad women are imprisoned.
I am genuinely tired of individuals like you imposing your brand of colonial feminism on us and telling us that we are oppressed, that we have been indoctrinated, that this was not our choice, and that we need to be unshackled. Instead of continuing to pursue these offensive and failing attempts at liberating us, I implore you to liberate yourselves from this white savior complex and recognize that we don’t need your saving. The hijab does not oppress me. For me, the hijab is a symbol of feminism and freedom of expression — so who are you to invalidate my experiences, to invalidate a fundamental, inextricable aspect of my identity, and to label me as enslaved, as imprisoned, as oppressed? By depriving us of our rights to dress the way we want, by making public spaces inaccessible to us, by publicly humiliating us and coercing us to remove some of our clothing while we are trying to enjoy a day at the beach — you are oppressing us.
My news feed has been saturated with people posting photos of a Muslim woman at a beach being forced to strip, captioned with outrage and vitriol towards this form of discrimination. While your support of our rights is appreciated, I ask that you refrain from doing a disservice to this individual by circulating this photo. It may not seem like you are violating a woman’s privacy and liberties by sharing a picture revealing her arms or shoulders, but it is incumbent upon us to understand that she did not freely choose to show those parts of her body in public. Even if the intent is to excoriate the burkini ban while circulating these photos, I implore you to not be complicit, whether directly or indirectly, in systems of oppression that are stripping women, literally, of their right to choose what they wear.
Yours truly,

Amara Majeed – a muslin woman
(Source: http://www.bustle.com/articles/180721-an-open-letter-tofrench-officials-who-support-the-burkini-ban-from-a-muslim-woman)