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Ao sistematizar algumas conclusões acerca do trabalho docente, da pedagogia e do ensino, Tardif
( 2012 ) reforça que “o trabalho dos professores não pode ser visto mera ou exclusivamente como a tarefa de um técnico ou um executor”. No capítulo 3 da obra Saberes Docentes e Formação Profissional , Tardif
( 2012 ) afirma que a análise do trabalho docente permite recolocar e enraizar a pedagogia em seu próprio espaço de produção, que é
Os professores Raul e Silvio planejam incorporar diferentes tendências metodológicas de educação matemática em seus processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Raul busca, sobretudo, dar uma ressignificação ao conhecimento matemático produzido pela sociedade ao longo dos tempos. Silvio, por sua vez, quer caracterizar sua prática a partir do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia culturalmente dinâmica, enraizada na “realidade real”, que possibilite uma observação vivificante das práticas comportamentais e denote uma ação socialmente significativa. De acordo com Dias et al.
( 2022 ), os objetivos centrais dos professores Raul e Silvio expressam, respectivamente, as tendências:
Para Jussara Hoffmann
( 2011 ), pesquisar e avaliar, em educação, têm objetivos diferentes. Para a autora, a avaliação tem como objetivo principal uma
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
The end of the first paragraph “even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum” transported to second language teaching, means that, although methods have frequently been in use, practicing teachers have
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
In the second paragraph, Kamaravadivelu states that the post method condition
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
Segundo o autor, o pós-método significa dar ao professor autonomia, na medida em que
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
The following are characteristics of an approach used for second language teaching. • No use of the mother tongue is permitted (i.e., the teacher does not need to know the students’ native language). • Lessons begin with dialogues and anecdotes in modern conversational style. • Actions and pictures are used to make meanings clear. • Grammar is learned inductively. • The target culture is also taught inductively. • The teacher must be a native speaker or have nativelike proficiency in the target language. The characteristics listed are consistent with the approach named
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
Pronouns are important elements for text cohesion. In the extract from the second paragraph “ It signifies interrelated attributes”, the pronoun It has “the postmethod condition” as its referent. A pronoun it that does not have a referent and only performs a grammatical function is a “nonreferential it ”. In the following sentences, a “nonreferencial it ” is found in:
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question. Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum. In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies. Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes. (B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching . Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
