Questões para Concursos

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 77 e 78, considere as determinações do Manual de Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Público e as seguintes informações extraídas das demonstrações contábeis de uma entidade pública referentes ao exercício financeiro de 2024. Os valores estão expressos em reais.

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 1 a 7, considere o texto a seguir.

Passo o dia fazendo uma reportagem, não procuro nem pelo telefone nenhum amigo - e quando anoitece e chego ao apartamento sou um homem só nesta cidade de São Paulo. Ligo para dois conhecidos; nenhum está em casa. Perdi há tempos meu caderno de endereços; não encontro a lista de telefone. Tomo um banho, mudo a roupa e saio sozinho, sem programa, pelas calçadas formigantes deste começo de noite paulistana.
A ideia de entrar em um restaurante e Jantar sozinho me deixa frio. Entro num desses cafés movimentadas da avenida São João, e como um desses pastéis feitos na hora, baratos e quentes com que em outros tempos enganei minha fome, nas noites frias, solitárias e sem dinheiro. Tomo também uma batida, depois peço um sanduíche e mais um pastel e um café; saio para a rua numa vaga noção de estar feliz, andando no meio dessa multidão encapotada que os cinemas de grandes luzes brilhantes vão engolindo em seus enormes ventres negros, onde esses homens e essas mulheres passam duas horas entretidos na mentira de outras vidas em outras terras. Vejo a multidão que sai de um desses cinemas; muitas dessas pessoas se comoveram com a fita, algumas choraram, há famílias enormes que chegam à calçada com um ar desorientado, meio sonâmbulas, e que de repente parecem aflitas de regressar à realidade da rua e de si mesmas, e temem se desagregar no selo da multidão apressada.
Desfilam por mim centenas, milhares de caras, e não conhecer ninguém me dá uma tristeza confortável, essa doçura melancólica da cidade estranha e grande. Entretanto aqui é Silo Paulo, onde tanto vivi. Entro em um bar ao acaso, mas também não vejo nenhum conhecido; e beber sozinho seria mais triste do que tudo. Agora não procuro mais ninguém; estou apenas vagando pelas ruas, integrado nesse fluir infindável de homens - um homem calado no meio deles, um desconhecido entre desconhecidos, apenas amparado por essa vaga solidariedade feita de alguma coisa de frágil e ao mesmo tempo de hostil, de prevenção e de Identidade, que une os transeuntes da mesma rua. E reencontro assim, quase vinte anos depois, mais forte, mais populosa e imponente, a minha São Paulo da vez primeira, onde eu não conhecia ninguém e onde perambulei docemente uma noite inteira, aprendendo a rua com meus olhos e meus pés, gozando devagar o encanto da cidade que escolhera para viver exatamente porque ali não conhecia ninguém.
Mas ouço meu nome; é um amigo que me chama de dentro de um automóvel. Subo ao seu carro, vamos encontrar outros amigos em um bar. Na calçada ficou o fantasma solitário, mas livre e lírico, do rapaz aventureiro de antigamente.

(Adaptado de: BRAGA. Rubem. "o Aventureiro". Rio de Janeiro: Correio da Manhã, 22/7/1952. Disponível em: https://rubi.casaruibarbosa.gov.br)

Atenção: Para responder às questões de números 29 e 30, considere o texto a seguir.

lt's time for innovation to transform education

lt's no secret that the U.S. education system is facing numerous challenges. The standardized, one-size-fits-all approach focuses on memorization and rote learning styles, often failing to cater to the unique needs and talents of individual students. This lack of personalization can lead to disengagement and poor outcomes, leaving students feeling unmotivated and unprepared for life outside of school.
Innovation in education needs funding. But there's a catch: To receive funding, entrepreneurs usually need to show proof of concept - that their idea works.
That can be tricky for education entrepreneurs who want to think outside of the box. ln the United States, the trusted old models receive funding from legislators because they use old measures and assessments to decide "what works" in traditional models. But it's exactly those old models and measures that need to be transformed.
Academic achievement among American students continues to fal1 behind their global counterparts: According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, U.S. students rank 28 out of 37 across international countries in math proficiency and similarly low in reading and science.
The fact is, in the U.S., education, from 1st to 12th grade, has long been more about tradition than innovation. For generations, our schooling experience has experienced little change. Our school may look the same as our parents' schools and their schools looked the same as their parents' did. lt was more about listening to lectures, memorizing facts, and writing essays than it was about exploring the things that make you uniquely you.
What if education and imagination could be synonymous? That is the vision the VELA Education Fund wants to serve through their work providing backing for a variety of education models for U.S. school system students.
This nonprofit has flipped the script from handing large amounts of money to a select few individuals to offering millions of dollars in smal1 grants to thousands of everyday entrepreneurs. This model generates new approaches to education in founders' communities. These creatives share a self-starting spirit, a desire to meet the needs of the learners and families they serve, and a willingness to stretch the canvas on the "where, how, and when" of school.
VELA 's model is unique because it instills trust and encourages autonomy in these educators, believing that those closest to the problem should be designing its solutions. Unlike other grants, VELA doesn't require as much proof of concept ahead of investment, allowing for funding to drive the outcomes - not the other way around. By giving out smaller grants to a larger pool of applicants, it is able to fund a more diverse array of ideas, experiences, and types of education institutions. These smaller grants also allow recipients to take more risks and get more creative.
"We limit our potential when we limit the people who have access to opportunities, to drive social change," said Meredith Olson, president of VELA. "A few thousand dollars to the right person can fuel innovation to a scale we never expected was imaginable."
So far, VELA has given out more than $35 million in grants to nearly 2,500 recipients - including microschool founders, homeschool leaders, and many others - who are serving more than 5 million students nationwide. The organization's continued support sends a strong message to other education funders: Trust that families and educators know how to support their learners best, and empower them with opportunities to do so.

(Adapted from Why we need more innovation in education & VELA Education Fund Catalyzes lnnovation in Education)

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 24 a 27, considere o texto a seguir.

Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022

When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.

Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing

1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.

(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 24 a 27, considere o texto a seguir.

Some ways to reinvent affordable housing in a post-pandemic world
Jan 20, 2022

When more than 90 countries issued stay-at-home orders during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 1 billion people across the globe sheltered in slums and informal settlements. Yet, these necessary public health measures offer scant defence against this potentially deadly virus if housing conditions are unsafe. The urgency of the pandemic response spotlighted an inescapable truth: chronic lack of safe and affordable housing in both advanced economies and developing nations is one of the biggest drivers of health and wealth disparities in our world.
As we grapple with how to adapt to ongoing waves of the virus and move towards rebuilding healthier, more equitable societies, we must expand the global supply of affordable housing by focusing on innovations that champion public health, sustainability and scalability. These three inextricably linked pillars can drive a new global housing framework that creates more equitable access to affordable housing and, as a result, improves health outcomes, fortifies disaster resilience and mitigates environmental impact.

Strategies and mindsets to reinvent affordable housing

1. Home as a health solution
The connections between health and home have long been recognized by the medical community. Poor housing conditions have been linked to debilitating illnesses, from respiratory conditions to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza, and diarrhea, which is among the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. ln many cases, simple upgrades to a home's roof, windows and floor can have a transformational impact on the health of a family and its surrounding community. A 2007 World Bank study found that replacing a home's dirt floors with concrete can lead to "a 78 percent reduction in parasitic infestations, a 49 percent reduction in diarrhea, an 81 percent reduction in anemia and a 36 to 96 percent improvement in cognitive development."
But even these small upgrades remain out of reach for many families. ln emerging markets, it is common for households to build shelter incrementally as finances allow - a process that can take up to 30 years. The work starts and stops as resources are available, often resulting in increased construction costs and inconsistent quality of materials over time.
Housing entrepreneurs are working to bring affordable, scalable solutions to families that can mitigate preventable, life-threatening health concerns and can truly reinvent affordable housing. ln Rwanda, upgrading to a concrete floor can cost more than two months' wages for the average family. Non-profit startup EarthEnable is working with African governments to support housing policy, and is using local materials and labour to provide an earthen floor altemative that delivers the sarne benefits as concrete at a quarter of the price.
As families strive to upgrade their homes, they need access - both physical and economical - to building products that will keep them safer.
2. lnvesting in sustainable methods that work
ln addition to addressing the connections between housing and health, trailblazers like EarthEnable are proving that affordable solutions can also be green solutions. By sourcing materiais locally, they are streamlining supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating employment opportunities within the community.
With the construction sector consuming over 3 billion tons of raw materials each year - more than any other industry - we need to be more intentional about leveraging sustainable and recycled supplies. Again, startups are leading the way, leveraging low-cost modernizations for everything from lighting fixtures to pavers that are five to seven times more durable than concrete. ln India, ReMaterials recycles packaging and agricultural waste into modular roof panels for families living in slums. These roofs have been shown to reduce a home's indoor air temperature by 10 degrees Celsius, improving quality of life and decreasing the risk of heatstroke.
Governments and housing non-profits have a critical role to play in ensuring that startups developing these green affordable housing innovations can scale their products and get them to vulnerable communities in greatest need.
3. Scaling to reach 1 billion homes
The need to create more adequate housing opportunities around the world continues to grow exponentially as over 3 million people move to cities every week. Therefore, we must also sustainably and rapidly scale-up new construction.
Entrepreneurs around the world are rethinking housing construction from the ground up to produce more efficient solutions.
Increasing affordable housing supply also requires us to think differently about how we use and prioritize space. By emphasizing spatial needs and constraints in planning new developments, we can improve quality of life by enabling people to live closer to where they work while reducing traffic and environmental impact. Furthermore, data shows that mixed-income neighbourhoods produce better long-term health outcomes and economic mobility for individuals and families.
Governments, corporations and civil society have important roles to play in advancing disruptive solutions to the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing around the globe. By supporting innovators with the capacity to expand quickly and effectively, together we can embrace a new global housing framework centred on sustainable and scalable shelter solutions. Only through collaboration can we reinvent affordable housing.

(Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/reinvent-affordable-housing-post-covid19-world-habitat-for-humanity/)

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 8 a 15, considere o texto a seguir.

Como arquiteto e paisagista, pertenço ao grupo de estudiosos que adota o ponto de vista do ordenador, que difere do planejador, embora ambos façam parte de um mesmo processo. O enfoque do ordenador resume-se na tentativa de avaliação da cidade como uma estrutura global do meio ambiente e não somente como uma série de elementos que fortuitamente se interligaram. É possível, por exemplo, avaliar a cidade em termos de experiência pela qual passam todas as pessoas que nela vivem. Primeiro, constroem as ruas, implantam a infraestrutura, depois os prédios e, se sobrar espaço, colocam uma ou duas árvores ou um chafariz. Em torno disso, pessoas e automóveis.
Outra forma de avaliação da cidade seria através da relação entre quatro elementos: edifícios, espaço para veículos, espaço para pedestres e elementos naturais. Estamos tão acostumados a viver rodeados por edifícios e automóveis que não nos ocorre a possibilidade de questionar se eles estão fora de proporção. O espaço para pedestres é o que sobrou do espaço destinado aos automóveis. Caminhamos contornando as calçadas, ao longo das ruas ou através de estacionamentos, se o automóvel nos der passagem. Nas cidades, especialmente no centro, a vegetação constitui apenas um elemento decorativo. Se as plantas fossem de plástico, não faria diferença nenhuma, já que não tem nenhuma função específica.
Na arquitetura, uma extensa série de argumentos históricos demonstram que as árvores não são necessárias à ordenação urbana. Um dos sempre repetidos é que a praça São Marcos, em Veneza, não tem árvores. Mas esse é um tipo de argumento evasivo, pois não explica como foi construída a praça São Marcos.
É preciso não esquecer que uma árvore tem funções comparáveis as de um prédio. Ela molda o espaço, dá abrigo, modera o clima e estabelece relacionamento entre nós e os espaços mais amplos que nos rodeiam. Como um dos principais elementos do melo ambiente, não é apenas uma peça decorativa, colocada defronte a um edifício: ordena o espaço da mesma maneira que a arquitetura molda o espaço.
Além das árvores e outros elementos que compõem o conjunto urbano, é igualmente importante considerar o tipo de relação que existe entre edifícios, veículos, pedestres e elementos naturais. Tomemos o caso de São Paulo. Sobrevoando a cidade de helicóptero, o panorama é espantoso. Por que um povo inteligente construiria edifícios de vinte andares, com fachadas cheias de janelas, afastadas a cada quatro ou cinco metros, através das quais os moradores só podem se ver uns aos outros?

(Adaptado de: ECKBO. Garret. O Paisagismo nas Grandes Metrópoles. São Paulo: Ateliê, 2008, pp. 39-42)

Atenção : Para responder às questões de números 8 a 15, considere o texto a seguir.

Como arquiteto e paisagista, pertenço ao grupo de estudiosos que adota o ponto de vista do ordenador, que difere do planejador, embora ambos façam parte de um mesmo processo. O enfoque do ordenador resume-se na tentativa de avaliação da cidade como uma estrutura global do meio ambiente e não somente como uma série de elementos que fortuitamente se interligaram. É possível, por exemplo, avaliar a cidade em termos de experiência pela qual passam todas as pessoas que nela vivem. Primeiro, constroem as ruas, implantam a infraestrutura, depois os prédios e, se sobrar espaço, colocam uma ou duas árvores ou um chafariz. Em torno disso, pessoas e automóveis.
Outra forma de avaliação da cidade seria através da relação entre quatro elementos: edifícios, espaço para veículos, espaço para pedestres e elementos naturais. Estamos tão acostumados a viver rodeados por edifícios e automóveis que não nos ocorre a possibilidade de questionar se eles estão fora de proporção. O espaço para pedestres é o que sobrou do espaço destinado aos automóveis. Caminhamos contornando as calçadas, ao longo das ruas ou através de estacionamentos, se o automóvel nos der passagem. Nas cidades, especialmente no centro, a vegetação constitui apenas um elemento decorativo. Se as plantas fossem de plástico, não faria diferença nenhuma, já que não tem nenhuma função específica.
Na arquitetura, uma extensa série de argumentos históricos demonstram que as árvores não são necessárias à ordenação urbana. Um dos sempre repetidos é que a praça São Marcos, em Veneza, não tem árvores. Mas esse é um tipo de argumento evasivo, pois não explica como foi construída a praça São Marcos.
É preciso não esquecer que uma árvore tem funções comparáveis as de um prédio. Ela molda o espaço, dá abrigo, modera o clima e estabelece relacionamento entre nós e os espaços mais amplos que nos rodeiam. Como um dos principais elementos do melo ambiente, não é apenas uma peça decorativa, colocada defronte a um edifício: ordena o espaço da mesma maneira que a arquitetura molda o espaço.
Além das árvores e outros elementos que compõem o conjunto urbano, é igualmente importante considerar o tipo de relação que existe entre edifícios, veículos, pedestres e elementos naturais. Tomemos o caso de São Paulo. Sobrevoando a cidade de helicóptero, o panorama é espantoso. Por que um povo inteligente construiria edifícios de vinte andares, com fachadas cheias de janelas, afastadas a cada quatro ou cinco metros, através das quais os moradores só podem se ver uns aos outros?

(Adaptado de: ECKBO. Garret. O Paisagismo nas Grandes Metrópoles. São Paulo: Ateliê, 2008, pp. 39-42)