Texto 1
Como cuidar da saúde do coração?
Por Sabin – Diagnóstico e Saúde
As doenças cardíacas se referem a um grupo de doenças que afetam a saúde do coração. Segundo dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), as doenças cardíacas são a principal causa de morte no mundo, representando um grave problema de saúde pública. Doenças do coração são consideradas multifatoriais, pois diversos fatores podem influenciar o seu desenvolvimento. Esses fatores incluem predisposição genética, obesidade, fatores ambientais e questões relacionadas a hábitos de vida e alimentação.
O sedentarismo e o consumo de alimentos ricos em gorduras são um dos principais vilões para a saúde do coração. Dessa forma, fica evidente que cultivar uma rotina de vida saudável, incluindo atividades físicas e uma alimentação equilibrada, pode ajudar na prevenção de doenças cardíacas. É essencial conscientizar a população acerca dos riscos das doenças cardiovasculares.
[...]
As doenças cardíacas englobam um grupo de distúrbios, como os ataques cardíacos (infarto), que podem afetar o funcionamento do coração e dos vasos sanguíneos que o irrigam. No entanto, existem outros tipos de doenças cardíacas.
[...]
Mais conhecido como ataque cardíaco, o infarto agudo do miocárdio é causado pela falta ou redução da irrigação sanguínea em partes do músculo cardíaco. Isso compromete a chegada de nutrientes e oxigênio para as células do coração, levando à morte dessas células e danificando o tecido cardíaco.
A causa mais comum do infarto é a doença arterial coronariana, ocasionada pelo bloqueio dos vasos sanguíneos que irrigam o coração, devido à formação e acúmulo de placas gordurosas nas paredes dos vasos, impedindo o fluxo sanguíneo. Essas placas são formadas a partir de vários fatores de risco cardiovascular, que “agridem” as paredes (endotélio) das artérias, iniciando um grandioso processo inflamatório de disfunção endotelial. As placas de “entupimento” são formadas, principalmente, por colesterol, e o acúmulo delas faz com que o interior das artérias se estreite ao longo do tempo, o que pode bloquear parcial ou totalmente o fluxo sanguíneo, em um processo chamado aterosclerose.
Outros eventos também podem desencadear um infarto, como o deslocamento de coágulos (ou trombos) pela circulação. Os principais sintomas do infarto são: dor intensa no peito (também conhecida como angina); sensação de fraqueza, tontura ou desmaio; dor ou desconforto no braço esquerdo (ou ambos), ombros ou mandíbula. Além disso, podem ocorrer: cansaço súbito, falta de ar (dispneia), náuseas, vômitos ou dor na altura do estômago (epigástrio).
Em casos de infarto, é muito importante reconhecer os sintomas e encaminhar o paciente o mais rápido possível para um serviço de saúde de emergência. O atraso (perda de tempo) pode resultar em maior perda de músculo cardíaco!
[...]
Adaptado de: https://blog.sabin.com.br/saude/como-cuidar-da-saude-do-coracao/. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2024.
Texto 2
Por Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS)
Adaptado de: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/55091/OPASNMHMH210032_por.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2024.
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Texto associado
Considerando o destaque em: “[...] O atraso [...] pode resultar em maior perda de músculo cardíaco!” (Texto 1), assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma reescrita INCORRETA concernente à regência verbal prescrita pela norma-padrão.
Texto associado
Read the following article to answer questions 11 to 15.
Essen: Germany's 'ugly duckling' city success (by Norman Miller)
Thanks to an innovative approach, the Germany city has catapulted from an industrial wasteland to one of Europe’s greened cities.
Located in the heart of western Germany's long-time industrial Ruhr region, the city of Essen spent much of the past 150 years marred by pollution, tainted by filthy mines and belching factories and lined by poisoned waterways. In just one year in the 1960s, a study noted that some 1.5 million tons of toxic dust, ashes and soot rained down on Essen's inhabitants, along with four million tons of sulphur dioxide. But a remarkable transformation has seen Essen go from being Germany's ugly duckling to one of Europe's greenest cities.
"Green urban development has acted as a driving force in Essen over the last decade," explained Simone Raskob, who helped oversee Essen's transformation through a mix of so-called Blue Green solutions: "Blue" for water-focused initiatives, and "Green" for land-based projects. This two-pronged approach helped catapult Essen to be declared the European Green Capital for 2017.
Essen's most high-profile project is the transformation of the Zollverein industrial complex – once the world's largest coal and coke production facility – from toxin-spewing industrial blackspot to an inspiring eco-park granted Unesco World Heritage status. Inside its giant former coal washing building, the impressive Ruhr Museum enthrals visitors with displays on the site's history and transformation between towering old machinery. A short walk away, the Red Dot Design Museum showcases examples of innovative global design in a former boiler house building repurposed by renowned architect Norman Foster. Ever since mining at Zollverein and the surrounding region ended in the late 1980s, woodland has spread across the vast site, and its trail-laced expanses are now home to more than 800 animal and plant species.
Yet, Essen isn't resting on its green laurels and is continuing to add eco-friendly initiatives. A 100km cycling 'super-highway’ is slowly taking shape atop old industrial railways. A string of nature-walking trails have also been created in and around the city to help boost local engagement with – and appreciation of – natural habitats. All the trails are easily accessible by public transport.
Among the city's many transformations are the creation of lakes and ponds by harvesting rainwater. But perhaps the toughest of Essen's solutions involved restoring the River Emscher, considered a biologically dead "open sewer" since the end of the 19th Century, thanks to the dumping of mining and factory slurry and waste water. After a two-decade clean-up programme, trout once again returned to the rejuvenated river in 2015. A recent count found more than 1,000 fish and animal species living along the Emscher, including previously endangered lapwings, kingfishers and beavers.
Though humans aren't yet encouraged to join the trout in the Emscher, an arena for swimming and boating hums with activity at Lake Baldeney, a broad expanse of water created behind a 9m dam on the similarly cleaned-up Ruhr river. When swimmers splashed here back in 2017, it was the first time bathing had been officially allowed there for 46 years.
From German eyesore to proud green city, Essen's green-and-blue approach isn't just benefitting outdoor enthusiasts and the environment but is also providing a shining example of how other cities can look to their industrial past to embrace a cleaner future.
Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20231106-essen-germanys-ugly-duckling-city-success. Access on: 13 nov. 2023.
Essen: Germany's 'ugly duckling' city success (by Norman Miller)
Thanks to an innovative approach, the Germany city has catapulted from an industrial wasteland to one of Europe’s greened cities.
Located in the heart of western Germany's long-time industrial Ruhr region, the city of Essen spent much of the past 150 years marred by pollution, tainted by filthy mines and belching factories and lined by poisoned waterways. In just one year in the 1960s, a study noted that some 1.5 million tons of toxic dust, ashes and soot rained down on Essen's inhabitants, along with four million tons of sulphur dioxide. But a remarkable transformation has seen Essen go from being Germany's ugly duckling to one of Europe's greenest cities.
"Green urban development has acted as a driving force in Essen over the last decade," explained Simone Raskob, who helped oversee Essen's transformation through a mix of so-called Blue Green solutions: "Blue" for water-focused initiatives, and "Green" for land-based projects. This two-pronged approach helped catapult Essen to be declared the European Green Capital for 2017.
Essen's most high-profile project is the transformation of the Zollverein industrial complex – once the world's largest coal and coke production facility – from toxin-spewing industrial blackspot to an inspiring eco-park granted Unesco World Heritage status. Inside its giant former coal washing building, the impressive Ruhr Museum enthrals visitors with displays on the site's history and transformation between towering old machinery. A short walk away, the Red Dot Design Museum showcases examples of innovative global design in a former boiler house building repurposed by renowned architect Norman Foster. Ever since mining at Zollverein and the surrounding region ended in the late 1980s, woodland has spread across the vast site, and its trail-laced expanses are now home to more than 800 animal and plant species.
Yet, Essen isn't resting on its green laurels and is continuing to add eco-friendly initiatives. A 100km cycling 'super-highway’ is slowly taking shape atop old industrial railways. A string of nature-walking trails have also been created in and around the city to help boost local engagement with – and appreciation of – natural habitats. All the trails are easily accessible by public transport.
Among the city's many transformations are the creation of lakes and ponds by harvesting rainwater. But perhaps the toughest of Essen's solutions involved restoring the River Emscher, considered a biologically dead "open sewer" since the end of the 19th Century, thanks to the dumping of mining and factory slurry and waste water. After a two-decade clean-up programme, trout once again returned to the rejuvenated river in 2015. A recent count found more than 1,000 fish and animal species living along the Emscher, including previously endangered lapwings, kingfishers and beavers.
Though humans aren't yet encouraged to join the trout in the Emscher, an arena for swimming and boating hums with activity at Lake Baldeney, a broad expanse of water created behind a 9m dam on the similarly cleaned-up Ruhr river. When swimmers splashed here back in 2017, it was the first time bathing had been officially allowed there for 46 years.
From German eyesore to proud green city, Essen's green-and-blue approach isn't just benefitting outdoor enthusiasts and the environment but is also providing a shining example of how other cities can look to their industrial past to embrace a cleaner future.
Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20231106-essen-germanys-ugly-duckling-city-success. Access on: 13 nov. 2023.
