Questões para Concursos

Texto II
A Benzedeira

asd Havia um médico na nossa rua que, quando
atendia um chamado de urgência na vizinhança, o re-
médio para todos os males era só um: Veganin. Certa
vez, Virgínia ficou semanas de cama por conta de um
5 i herpes-zóster na perna. A ferida aumentava dia a dia
e o dr. Albano, claro, receitou Veganin, que, claro, não
surtiu resultado. Eis que minha mãe, no desespero,
passou por cima dos conselhos da igreja e chamou
dona Anunciata, que além de costureira, cabeleireira
10 i e macumbeira também era benzedeira. A mulher era
obesa, mal passava por uma porta sem que alguém a
empurrasse, usava uma peruca preta tipo lutador de
sumô, porque, diziam, perdera os cabelos num pro-
cesso de alisamento com água sanitária.
15 asd Se Anunciata se mostrava péssima cabeleireira,
no quesito benzedeira era indiscutível. Acompanha-
da de um sobrinho magrelinha (com a sofrida missão
do empurra-empurra), a mulher “estourou” no quarto
onde Virgínia estava acamada e imediatamente pe-
20 i diu uma caneta-tinteiro vermelha — não podia ser
azul — e circundou a ferida da perna enquanto re-
zava Ave-Marias entremeadas de palavras africanas
entre outros salamaleques. Essa cena deve ter dura-
do não mais que uma hora, mas para mim pareceu o
25 i dia inteiro. Pois bem, só sei dizer que depois de três
dias a ferida secou completamente, talvez pelo susto
de ter ficado cara a cara com Anunciata, ou porque
o Vaganin do dr. Albano finalmente fez efeito. Em agra-
decimento, minha mãe levou para a milagreira um
30 i bolo de fubá que, claro, foi devorado no ato em um
minuto, sendo que para o sobrinho empurra-empurra
que a tudo assistia não sobrou nem um pedacinho.

LEE, Rita. Uma Autobiografia . São Paulo: Globo, 2016, p. 36.

Text I

Clean energy: Experts outline how governments
can successfully invest before it’s too late

asd Governments need to give technical experts
more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more
long-term stability when investing in clean energy,
argue researchers in climate change and innovation
5 i policy in a new paper published today.
asd Writing in the journal Nature , the authors from
UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for
investment based on an analysis of the last twenty
years of “what works” in clean energy research and
10 i innovation programs.
asd Their six simple “guiding principles” also include
the need to channel innovation into the private sector
through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in
terms of lasting knowledge creation rather than ‘quick
15 i win’ potential when funding new projects.
asd The authors offer a stark warning to governments
and policymakers: learn from and build on experience
before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing
aims and processes for the sake of political vanity.
20 asd “As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous
climate change narrows, we urgently need to take
stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim
to accelerate new energy technologies and stem
greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon,
25 i Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University
of Cambridge.
asd “If we don’t build on the lessons from previous
policy successes and failures to understand what
works and why, we risk wasting time and money in
30 i a way that we simply can’t afford,” said Anadon, who
authored the new paper with colleagues from the
Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of
Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
asd Public investments in energy research have risen
35 i since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s.
OECD members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy
research and development (R&D) in 2016 compared
to $10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged
to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s
40 i Paris Climate Change Agreement.
asd Recently, the UK government set out its own
Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion
between 2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million
to be invested in new generations of small nuclear
45 i power stations and offshore wind turbines.
asd However, Anadon and colleagues point out that
government funding for energy innovation has, in
many cases, been highly volatile in the recent past:
with political shifts resulting in huge budget fluctuations
50 i and process reinventions in the UK and US.
asd For example, the research team found that every
single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five
technology areas funded by the US Department of
Energy (DoE) saw a budget shift of more than 30%
55 i up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan
is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35% across
the board.
asd “Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,”
said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn
60 i new processes, people and programmes with every
political transition -- wasting time and effort for
scientists, companies and policymakers.”
asd “Rather than repeated overhauls, existing
programs should be continuously evaluated and
65 i updated. New programs should only be set up if they
fill needs not currently met.”
asd More autonomy for project selection should be
passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to
spot bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,"
70 i say the authors of the new paper.
asd They point to projects instigated by the US
National Labs producing more commercially-viable
technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters
— despite the Labs holding a mere 4% of the DoE’s
75 i overall budget.
asd The six evidence-based guiding principles for
clean energy investment are:
asdasd • Give researchers and technical experts more
autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
80 asdd • Build technology transfer into research organisations
asasdd • Focus demonstration projects on learning.
asdasd • Incentivise international collaboration.
asdasd • Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
85 aasd • Keep funding stable and predictable.
asd From US researchers using the pace of Chinese
construction markets to test energy reduction
technologies, to the UK government harnessing
behavioural psychology to promote energy efficiency,
90 i the authors highlight examples of government
investment that helped create or improve clean
energy initiatives across the world.
asd “Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate
the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable
95 i energy system,” they write.

Available at: releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>.
Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017. Adapted.

Text I
A world in transformation:
World Energy Outlook 2017
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system and upending traditional
5 ways of meeting energy demand, according to the
World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver
of this transformation.
Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing
10 energy needs are met first by renewables and natural
gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still
half as much as it would have been without efficiency
15 improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in
the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization
and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows
down but is not reversed before 2040 even as
electric-car sales rise steeply.
20 __ WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency
(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next
two decades the global energy system is being
reshaped by four major forces: the United States
is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas
25 leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks
to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy
mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy
takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications
for global energy markets.
30 __ Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed
by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of
electricity soon after 2030.
“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets
35 as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and
India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result
of government support and declining battery costs but
40 it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth
for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation
keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes
the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for
decades, which represents a major upheaval for
45 international market dynamics.”
These themes — as well as the future role of
oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more
investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
50 discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s
2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the
55 country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global
trends. A new phase in the country’s development
results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy
industry and coal.
At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner
60 energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world
leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and
the source of more than a quarter of projected growth
in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in
65 China slows, other countries continue to push overall
global demand higher – with India accounting for
almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
The shale oil and gas revolution in the United
States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
70 producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective
way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected
to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net
oil exporter by the end of that decade.
This is having a major impact on oil and gas
75 markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and
provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,
with consumers in Asia accounting for more than
70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG
from the United States is also accelerating a major
80 structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized
gas market.
WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the
obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while
85 fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in
oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of
the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely
petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive
up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040.
90 __ While carbon emissions have flattened in recent
years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2
emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower
pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from
enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: < https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energy-outlook-2017.html >. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted. _