Questões para Concursos

Low Oil Prices Could Be Good
for Electricity and Renewables

By Robert Fares
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last
December, the global oil price has fallen to levels
not seen in over five years. For many, the recent
price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil
5 price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike
and drew attention away from renewable energy
and other alternatives — famously prompting U.S.
President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House
solar panels that had been installed by the previous
10 administration.
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for
renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible
low oil prices could actually improve the economics
of renewable energy. It all comes down to the
15 relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom
line of technologies like wind and solar.
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused
a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced
20 17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the
oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in
domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and
renewable energy.
25 Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s,
today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of
its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of
oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural
30 gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables.
The fuel with the most direct impact on the price
of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas
generation often sets the price of electricity in the
35 market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the
price of electricity, it’s really important to think about
how they might affect the price of natural gas.
Although oil and natural gas prices have
decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link
40 between the price of oil and the price of natural gas,
because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is
produced from wells drilled for the express purpose
of extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that
45 are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as
a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead
gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure.
However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and
50 Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the
existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really
after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is
often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no
cost — depressing the overall price of natural gas.
55 The Railroad Commission of Texas, which
regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate
data on natural gas produced from gas wells and
natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas
60 production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has
actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly
since 2008.
Available at:
low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>.
Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.

Texto I

Banhos de mar

Meu pai acreditava que todos os anos se devia
fazer uma cura de banhos de mar. E nunca fui tão fe-
liz quanto naquelas temporadas de banhos em Olin-
da, Recife.
5 Meu pai também acreditava que o banho de mar
salutar era o tomado antes de o sol nascer. Como ex-
plicar o que eu sentia de presente prodigioso em sair
de casa de madrugada e pegar o bonde vazio que
nos levaria para Olinda ainda na escuridão?
10 De noite eu ia dormir, mas o coração se manti-
nha acordado, em expectativa. E de puro alvoroço, eu
acordava às quatro e pouco da madrugada e desper-
tava o resto da família. Nós nos vestíamos depressa
e saíamos em jejum. Porque meu pai acreditava que
15 assim devia ser: em jejum.
Saímos para uma rua toda escura, recebendo
a brisa da pré-madrugada. E esperávamos o bonde.
Até que lá de longe ouvíamos o seu barulho se apro-
ximando. Eu me sentava bem na ponta do banco, e
minha felicidade começava. Atravessar a cidade es
cura me dava algo que jamais tive de novo. No bon
de mesmo o tempo começava a clarear, e uma luz
trêmula de sol escondido nos banhava e banhava o
mundo.
25 Eu olhava tudo: as poucas pessoas na rua, a
passagem pelo campo com os bichos-de-pé: “Olhe,
um porco de verdade!” gritei uma vez, e a frase de
deslumbramento ficou sendo uma das brincadeiras
da minha família, que de vez em quando me dizia
30 rindo: “Olhe, um porco de verdade.”
Eu não sei da infância alheia. Mas essa viagem
diária me tornava uma criança completa de alegria. E
me serviu como promessa de felicidade para o futu-
ro. Minha capacidade de ser feliz se revelava. Eu me
35 agarrava, dentro de uma infância muito infeliz, a essa
ilha encantada que era a viagem diária.
LISPECTOR, C. A Descoberta do Mundo . São Paulo: Rocco,
1999, p. 175. Adaptado